Acknowledgements
Note: Some individuals have contributed in more than one way to this report. To avoid listing contributors multiple times, they have been added to the group where they provided the most information. In most cases, the lead country, regional and topical contributors also participated in the Global Status Report (GSR) review and validation process.
REN21 RESEARCH DIRECTION TEAM
Hannah E. Murdock
Duncan Gibb
Thomas André
SPECIAL ADVISORS
Janet L. Sawin (Sunna Research)
Adam Brown
Lea Ranalder
CHAPTER AUTHORS
Thomas André (REN21)
Adam Brown
Ute Collier (Green Energy Insights)
Christopher Dent (Edge Hill University)
Bärbel Epp (Solrico)
Duncan Gibb (REN21)
Chetna Hareesh Kumar (REN21)
Fanny Joubert (EcoTraders)
Ron Kamara (EcoTraders)
Nathalie Ledanois
Rachele Levin
Hannah E. Murdock (REN21)
Janet L. Sawin (Sunna Research)
Jonathan Skeen (The SOLA Group)
Freyr Sverrisson (Sunna Research)
Glen Wright (Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations)
RESEARCH AND PROJECT SUPPORT (REN21 SECRETARIAT)
Chetna Hareesh Kumar, Fabio Passaro
Flávia Guerra, Ni Made Dwi Sastriani, Hend Yaqoob, Stefanie Gicquel, Vibhushree Hamirwasia, Gwamaka Kifukwe, Yu Yuan-Perrin
COMMUNICATIONs SUPPORT (REN21 SECRETARIAT)
Tammy Mayer, Laura E. Williamson
Andreas Budiman, Olivia Chen, Katherine Findlay, Alyssa Harris, Jessica Jones-Langley, Florencia Urbani
EDITING, DESIGN AND LAYOUT
Lisa Mastny, Editor
Leah Brumer, Editor
weeks.de Werbeagentur GmbH, Design
PRODUCTION
REN21 Secretariat, Paris, France
SIDEBAR AUTHORS
Daron Bedrosyan (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program – ESMAP)
Richard Bridle (International Institute for Sustainable Development – IISD)
Rabia Ferroukhi (International Renewable Energy Agency – IRENA)
Celia Garcia (IRENA)
Ivetta Gerasimchuk (IISD)
Arslan Khalid (IRENA)
Muna Abucar Osman (ESMAP)
Tigran Parvanyan (ESMAP)
Pablo Ralon (IRENA)
Michael Renner (IRENA)
Michael Taylor (IRENA)
Hong Yang (ESMAP)
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTORS
Central and East Africa Mark Hankins (African Solar Designs); Fabrice Fouodji Toche (Vista Organisation for Education and Social Development in Africa)
Latin America and Caribbean Aliosha Behnisch, Gonzalo Bravo, Ignacio Sagardoy (Fundación Bariloche)
Middle East and North Africa Maged K. Mahmoud, Sara Ibrahim, Akram Almohamd, Elaff Alfadel (Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency – RCREEE)
Southern Africa Joseph Ngwawi, Kizito Sikuka (Southern African Research and Documentation Centre)
LEAD COUNTRY CONTRIBUTORS
Austria Jasmin Haider (Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action)
Australia Mike Cochran (APAC Biofuel Consultants – an Ecco Consulting Pty Ltd and EnergyQuest Pty Ltd joint venture); Sharon Denny (Global Futuremakers); Veryan Patterson (University of Tasmania)
Bolivia Ramiro Juan Trujillo Blanco (Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo)
Brazil Ricardo Lacerda Baitelo and Rodrigo Sauaia (Associação Brasileira de Energia Solar Fotovoltaica – ABSOLAR); Javier Farago Escobar (Harvard University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences); Suani Teixeira Coelho (University of São Paulo Institute of Energy and Environment); Clarissa Maria Forecchi Gloria (Divisão de Promoção de Energia, Itamaraty)
Canada Christina Caouette (Natural Resources Canada)
Chile Rafael Caballero (Energy consultant)
China João Graça Gomes (China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University); Frank Haugwitz (Asia Europe Clean Energy (Solar) Advisory Co. Ltd – AECEA); Lihui Xu (Tsinghua University); Hayan Qin, Guiyong Yu and Hui Yu (Chinese Wind Energy Association – CWEA)
Colombia Andres Rios (Renewable energy expert)
Costa Rica Guido Godinez and Jairo Quirós-Tortós (The Electric Power and Energy Research Laboratory – Universidad de Costa Rica)
Denmark Jonas Hamann (Danfoss)
Egypt Hagar Abdel Nabi, Wessam El-Baz, Ahmed El-Guindy, Omar Oraby (Nexus Analytica LLC)
France Romain Mauger (University of Groningen); Romain Zissler (Renewable Energy Institute)
Germany Roman Buss (Renewables Academy); Sebastian Hermann (German Environment Agency); Alexandra Langenheld (Agora Energiewende)
Ghana Nana Asare Obeng-Darko (University of Eastern Finland Law School)
Greece Panagiotis Fragkos (E3Modelling); Costas Travasaros (Greek Solar Industry Association – EBHE); Ioannis Tsipouridis, Sara Anastasiou (RED Pro)
Hungary Csaba Vaszko (Geographer)
India Sreenivas Chigullapalli (Indian Institute of Technology Madras); Amit Kumar (The Energy and Resources Institute – TERI); Yogesh Kumar Singh (National Institute of Solar Energy); Amit Saraogi (Oorja Development Solutions Limited); Daksha Vaja (Community Science Centre, Vadodara)
Indonesia Marissa Malahayati (National Instititute for Environmental Studies)
Japan Hironao Matsubara (Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies); Naoko Matsumoto (Ferris University)
Jordan Samer Zawaydeh (Association of Energy Engineers)
Liberia Wemogar Elijah Borweh (University of Liberia)
Mexico Genice Kirat (Instituto de Energías Renovables, National Autonomous University of Mexico – UNAM)
Morocco Lydia El Bouazzati (Energy policy consultant)
Nepal Sujan Adhikari (Institute of Engineering, Thapathali Campus)
Nigeria Norbert Edomah (Pan-Atlantic University); Iyabo Olanrele (Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research); Tolulope Peyibomi Amusat (Pamodzi Bio Energy Solutions); Austine Sadiq Okoh (Benue State University, Makurdi)
Philippines Manuel Peter (Manila Observatory)
Portugal Mariana Carvalho, Madalena Lacerda, Miguel Santos, Susana Serôdio (Portuguese Renewable Energy Association – APREN)
Russian Federation Georgy Ermolenko (Institute for Energy, National Research University Higher School of Economics)
Saudi Arabia Valeria Cantello (Desert Technologies)
South Africa Sabatha Mthwecu (Solar Rais)
Spain Silvia Vera García (Institute for the Diversification and Saving of Energy – IDAE); Gonzalo Martin (Protermosolar); Antonio Moreno-Munoz (Universidad de Cordoba)
Sri Lanka Namiz Musafer (Integrated Development Association – IDEA)
Sudan Mohamed Alhaj (Clean Energy 4 Africa)
Suriname Abadal Colomina (Inter-American Development Bank)
Sweden Abdenour Achour (Chalmers University of Technology)
Ukraine Andriy Konechenkov (Ukrainian Wind Energy Association), Galyna Trypolska (Institute for Economics and Forecasting, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine)
United Arab Emirates Beatrix Schmuelling (United Arab Emirates Ministry of Climate Change and Environment)
Uruguay Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining
Vietnam Neeraj Joshi (Internationale Projekt Consult GmbH); Tran Phuong Dong (Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, University of Science)
Zimbabwe Shorai Kavu (Ministry of Energy and Power Development)
LEAD TOPICAL CONTRIBUTORS
Bioenergy Cristina Calderon, Martin Colla (Bioenergy Europe); Bharadwaj Kummamuru (World Bioenergy Association)
Buildings Meredith Annex (BloombergNEF); William Burke (Architecture 2030); Christina Hageneder (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit – GIZ); Femke de Jong (European Climate Foundation); Adrian Hiel (Energy Cities); Richard Lowes (University of Exeter); Vincent Martinez (Architecture 2030); Mariangiola Fabbri, Arianna Vitali (Buildings Performance Institute of Europe – BPIE); Nora Steurer (Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction, United Nations Environment Programme – UNEP); Louise Sunderland (Regulatory Assistance Project)
Business Demand for Renewables (Feature) Gabriel de Malleray, Amy Haddon (Schneider Electric); Tibor Fisher (German Energy Agency – dena); Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes (European Renewable Energies Federation); Lucy Hunt (World Business Council for Sustainable Development); Yann Kulp (eIQ Mobility); Christiane Mann; Dave Renne (International Solar Energy Society); Stephanie Weckend (IRENA)
Data Nazik Elhassan, Adrian Whiteman (IRENA); Duncan Millard (Consultant)
Distributed Renewables for Energy Access Donee Alexander, Colm Fay, Peter George, Julie Ipe, Kip Patrick, Asna Towfiq (Clean Cooking Alliance); Fabiani Appavou (Ministry of Finance and Economic Development); Benjamin Attia (WoodMac); Juliette Besnard (ESMAP); William Brent (Power for All); Kelly Brinkler; Arthur Contejean (International Energy Agency – IEA); Harry Clemens (Hivos); Brian Dean, Ben Hartley, Alvin Jose, Alice Uwamaliya (Sustainable Energy for All – SEforALL); Laura Fortes, Sjef Ketelaars, Susie Wheeldon (GOGLA); Shaily Jha (Council on Energy, Environment and Water – CEEW); Daniel Kitwa (Africa Minigrid Developers Association – AMDA); Wim Jonker Klunne (Consultant); Bonsuk Koo (ESMAP); Arvydas Lebedys, Costanza Strinati and Adrian Whiteman (IRENA); Yann Tanvez (International Finance Corporation)
Energy Efficiency Freyr Sverrisson (Advisor; Sunna Research); Dusan Jakovljevic (Energy Efficiency in Industrial Processes); Rod Janssen (Energy in Demand); Benoît Lebot (Ministère de la Transition Ecologique et Solidaire)
Energy Systems Integration Simon Mueller (Energy Transition Catalytics); Luis Munuera (IEA); Charlie Smith (Energy Systems Integration Group); Owen Zinaman (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Geothermal Power and Heat Marit Brommer, Margaret Krieger (International Geothermal Association – IGA)
Global Overview Zuzana Dobrotkova (World Bank); Paolo Frankl (IEA); Frank Haugwitz (AECEA); Tomas Kåberger (Renewable Energy Institute); Ruud Kempener (European Commission, Renewable Energy Policy Unit); Paul H. Suding (Indipendent Consultant); Griffin Thompson (Georgetown University)
Heat Pumps Meredith Annex (BloombergNEF); Richard Lowes (University of Exeter); Thomas Nowak (European Heat Pump Association); Nancy Wang (Chinaiol); Cooper Zhao (China Heat Pump Association)
Heating and Cooling Marit Brommer (Advisor; IGA), François Briens (IEA)
Hydropower Alex Campbell, Cristina Diez Santos (International Hydropower Association); Wim Jonker Klunne (Energy4Africa); Eva Kremere (United Nations Industrial Development Organization – UNIDO)
Investment Françoise d’Estais, Myriem Touhami Kadiri, Sophie Loran (UNEP); Lucile Dufour (Energy Policy Tracker); Malin Emmerich, Christine Gruening, Ulf Moslener (Frankfurt School of Finance and Management); Angus McCrone (BloombergNEF); Alan Meng (Climate Bonds Initiative)
Ocean POWER Ana Brito e Melo (WavEC Offshore Renewables); Rémi Collombet, Rémi Gruet (Ocean Energy Europe)
Policy Valerie Bennett, Justin Malecki (Ontario Energy Board); Emanuele Bianco, Sufyan Diab (IRENA); Maxine Jordan (IEA); Julia Levin (Environmental Defence)
Solar Photovoltaics Alice Detollenaere (Becquerel Institute); Denis Lenardič (pvresources); Gaëtan Masson (Becquerel Institute and IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme); Paula Mints (SPV Market Research); Dave Renne (International Solar Energy Society); Michael Schmela (SolarPower Europe)
Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling Hongzhi Cheng (Sun’s Vision); Pedro Dias (Solar Heat Europe); Monika Spörk-Dür (AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies); He Tao, Ruicheng Zheng (China Academy of Building Research)
Transport Flávia Guerra (REN21); Nikola Medimorec, Karl Peet (SLOCAT Partnership on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport); Patrick Oliva (Paris Process on Mobility and Climate); Marion Vieweg (Current Future)
Wind Power Stefan Gsänger, Jean-Daniel Pitteloud (World Wind Energy Association); Ivan Komusanac (WindEurope); Feng Zhao (Global Wind Energy Council); American Clean Power Association
PEER REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
Mussa Abbasi Mussa (Ministry of Energy, Tanzania); Hagar AbdelNabi (Nexus Analytica LLC); Adedoyin Adeleke (International Support Network for African Development); Disha Agarwal (Council on Energy, Environment and Water); Iqbal Akbar (Technical University of Berlin); Udochukwu B. Akuru (Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa & University of Nigeria, Nsukka); Mohammad Albtowsh; Noor Eldin Alkiswani (EDAMA); Nevin Alija (NOVA Law Green Lab, NOVA School of Law); Reem Almasri (EDAMA); Farrah Ali-Khan (Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks); Mohammad Alnajideen (Cardiff School of Engineering); Eros Artuso (Terra Consult Sàrl); Diana Athamneh (EDAMA); Patrick Atouda Beyala (SOAS University of London); Shakila Aziz (United International University); Sarah Baird (Let There Be Light International); Stefan Bakker (Consultant); Krishnan Balasankari (Renewable Cogen Asia); Jessica Battle (World Wildlife Fund); Matthieu Ballu (European Commission); Alex Beckitt (Hydro Tasmania); Nikolay Belyakov (Independent consultant); Tabitha Benney (University of Utah); Markus Bissel (GIZ); Linh H. Blanning (Voltalia); Rina Bohle Zeller (Vestas); Adriano Bonotto (Divisão de Promoção de Energia, Itamaraty); Emilio Bravo (Mexico Low Emission Development Program, US Agency for International Development); Jesse Broehl (ACPA); Emmanuel Branche (EDF); Roman Buss (Renewables Academy AG); Rebecca Camilleri (Energy & Water Agency, Malta); Valeria Cantello (Energrid); Tamojit Chatterjee (SEforALL); Joan Chahenza (AMDA); Sandra Chavez (Powerhouse); Mwewa Chikonkolo Mwape (ZESCO Limited); Jan Clyncke (PV Cycle); Olivia Coldrey (SEforALL); Penelope Crossley (The University of Sydney); Edgar Hernan Cruz Martinez (Climate finance consultant); Tabaré A. Currás (World Wildlife Fund); David Jonathan D’Souza (IMDEA Energy Institute); Pablo del Río (Spanish National Research Council – CSIC); Irene Di Padua (Solar Heat Europe and European Solar Thermal Industry Federation); Antonello Di Pardo (Gestore dei Servizi Energetici); Renato Domith Godinho (German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development – BMZ); Christine Eibs Singer (SEforALL); Mariam El Forgani (Libyan Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy); Khalil Elahee (University of Mauritius); Myagmardorj Enhkmend (Mongolian Wind Energy Association); Yasemin Erboy Ruff (CLASP); Jose Etcheverry (York University); Ashkan Etemad (LEEDinIran); Colm Fay (Clean Cooking Alliance); Ezequiel Ferrer (SolarPACES); Robert Fischer (Luleå University of Technology); Jason Fisher (Isleofrocks); Mindy Fox (Solar Cookers International); Anna Freeman (Clean Energy Council); Sabine Fröning (Communication Works); Therese Galea (Energy & Water Agency, Malta); Thomas Garabetian (European Geothermal Energy Council); Shirish Garud (TERI); Christoph Graecen (ESMAP); Thakshila Gunaratna (Clean Energy Council); Qin Haiyan (Chinese Wind Energy Association); Kirsty Hamilton (Chatham House); Gang He (Department of Technology and Society, Stony Brook University); Sebastian Hermann (Germany Environment Agency); Miguel Herrero Cangas (SolarPower Europe); Pippa Howard (FFI); Lizzy lgbine (Nigerian Women Agro Allied Farmers Association); Tetsunari Iida (Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies); Arnulf Jaeger-Waldau (European Commission, Joint Research Centre); Rob de Jong (UNEP); Mohamed Atef Kamel (Freelance energy consultant); Phubalan R. Karunakaran (WWF-Malaysia); Hwajin Kim (United Nations Institute for Training and Research); Bozhil Kondev (Consultant); Manoj Kumar Singh (ISOBARS Energy); Mercè Labordena (SolarPower Europe); Oliver Lah (Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy); Maryse Labriet (ENERIS); Debora Ley (Latinoamérica Renovable); Holger Loew (Renewables Grid Initiative); Luca Longo (UNIDO); Juergen Lorenz (jlbtc, ENPOWER); Detlef Loy (Loy Energy Consulting); Joshua Loughman (Arizona State University); Juan Roberto Lozano (Emerging Leaders in Environmental and Energy Policy Network); Fabio Lucantonio (independent consultant); Marissa Malahayati (National Instititute for Environmental Studies); Anik Masfiqur Rahman (Ontario Power Generation); Rihardian Maulana Wicaksono (Institut Teknologi Sumatera); Lionel Mbanda (North China Electric Power University); Emi Mizuno (SEforALL); Saurabh Motiwala (Akshat Jyoti Solutions); Divyam Nagpal (University College London); Zaibul Nisa (Planetive); Laura Maria Noriega Gamarra (ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability); Jesse Nyokabi (Green Energy); Dania Carolina Ortiz Acosta (MIT-Portugal Program); Brian Park (Inuvialuit Regional Corporation); Tomasz Pawelec (UNIDO); Jem Porcaro (SEforALL); Elisa Portale (ESMAP); Magdolna Prantner (Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy); Pallav Purohit (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis); Muhammad Ali Qureshi (UNIDO); Daya Ram Nhuchhen (Transition Accelerator); Oliver Rapf (Buildings Performance Institute Europe); Atul Raturi (University of the South Pacific); Roelof Reineman (Roelof Reineman); Niels Reise (Communication Works); Maria Riabova (Moscow State Institute of International Relations, MGIMO University); Christoph Richter (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. – DLR); Eleazar Rivera (Ashrae Mexico); Vera Rodenhoff (German Ministry of the Environment); Javier Eduardo Rodriguez (Colibri Energy SAS); Judit Rodriguez Manotas (UNIDO); Ingrid Rohrer (SEforALL); Ahmed Rontas (Raguinot); Heather Rosmarin (InterAmerican Clean Energy Institute); Raffaele Rossi (SolarPower Europe); Clotilde Rossi di Schio (SEforALL); Philip Russell (Mexico Energy News); Felipe Sabadini (RWTH Aachen University); Olga Savchuck (IN Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research); Miguel Schloss (Surinvest Ltd.); Nicole Schrön (German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy); Cecile Seguineaud (Independant energy consultant); Luc Severi (SEforALL); Fares Shmayssani (Lebanese University); Ralph Sims (Massey University); Karla Solis (Regional Collaboration Centre of Latin America, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change); Rafel Soria Penafiel (Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador); Laiz Souto (University of Girona); Satrio Swandiko; Yael Taranto (SHURA Energy Transition Center); Tanguy Tomes (Palladium); Dong Tran (Department of Environment, University of Natural Sciences, National University of Ho Chi Minh City); Hoa Tran (GIZ); Patricia Villarroel Sáez (Court of Appeal of Valparaíso, Chile); Prof. Dr. Tanay Sidki Uyar (Marmara Universitesi); Xinfang Wang (University of Birmingham); Peter Yang (Case Western Reserve University); Prof. Noureddine Yassaa (Algerian Commission for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency); Arthouros Zervos (National Technical University of Athens); Zedong Zhang; Eduarda Zoghbi (SEforALL).
REN21 is committed to mobilising global action to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
This report was commissioned by REN21 and produced in collaboration with a global network of research partners. Financing was provided by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) and the UN Environment Programme. A large share of the research for this report was conducted on a voluntary basis.