ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REN21 DATA AND KNOWLEDGE TEAM Jad BabaTomaž CigutYuko KomazawaNathalie LedanoisHend Yaqoob SPECIAL ADVISORS Adam BrownJanet L. Sawin CHAPTER AUTHORS Hind CouzinLydia El BouazzatiDuncan GibbFanny JoubertPaloma RuizKristin Seyboth RESEARCH AND PROJECT SUPPORT (REN21 SECRETARIAT) Thomas AndréFayrouz AtrakoutiTalia ContrerasAna Díaz VidalStefanie GicquelVibhushree HamirwasiaChigozie Nweke-EzeJonas Reolon KremerBorana ResulajAndrea WainerLaura E. Williamson COMMUNICATIONs SUPPORT (REN21 SECRETARIAT) Yasmine Abd-El-AzizElizabeth CanavanMariela Lopez HidalgoHala KilaniShiyao Zhang EDITING, DESIGN AND LAYOUT Lisa Mastny (Editor) weeks.de Werbeagentur GmbH (Design) PRODUCTION REN21 Secretariat, Paris, France DATA AND PYTHON PROGRAMMING Nicolas Achury (independent consultant) LEAD TOPICAL CONTRIBUTORS Agriculture Pauline Hecker, Irini Maltsoglou, Manas Puri (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO) Buildings Femke de Jong (European Climate Foundation); Chiara Delmastro (International Energy Agency – IEA); Adrien Hiel (Energy Cities); Takeshi Miyamori, Ji-Soo Yoon (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Industry Tareq Emtairah, Nurzat Myrsalieva (United Nations Industrial Development Organization); Tomas Kåberger (Renewable Energy Institute) Investment Elizabeth Holley, Jordy Lee (Colorado School of Mines); Munira Raji (University of Plymouth) Policy Valerie Bennett (Ontario Energy Board); Richard Carlson (Pollution Probe); Julia Levin (Environmental Defense) Transport Stefan Bakker (Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis); Cornie Huizenga (Climate and Environment Service Group, Shanghai); Emilie Martin (Wuppertal Institute); Nikola Medimorec, Karl Peet (SLOCAT Partnership on Sustainable Low Carbon Transport); Leonardo Paoli, Per Anders Widell (IEA); Marion Vieweg (Current Future) PEER REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Mussa Abbasi Mussa (Ministry of Energy, Tanzania); Mohammed Abdalghafoor (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change); Abdenour Achour (Chalmers University of Technology); Damilola Adeyanju (Enel Foundation); Sanchit Saran Agarwal (The Energy and Resources Institute); Shakir Ali (Mehran UET); Akram Almohamadi (Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency – RCREEE); Sami Alnabulsi (Beta-Blockers); Mohammad Alnajideen (Cardiff University); Patrick Atouda Beyala (SOAS University of London); Ricardo Baitelo (Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente – IEMA); Padmasai Lakshmi Bhamidipati (United Nations Environment Programme Copenhagen Climate Centre); Faiz Bhutta (ETRC contributor); Udochukwu Bola Akuru (Tshwane University of Technology); Wemogar Elijah Borweh (University of Liberia); Elina Bosch (Becquerel Institute); Bernardo Carrillo; Myriam Castanié (REScoop.eu); Sammy Jamar Chemengich (CLASP); David Clark (Kinetic Energy Generation Systems); Lanvin Concessao (World Resources Institute); Penelope Crossley (University of Sydney); Ashish Dhankhar (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit – GIZ); Pedro Dias (Solar Heat Europe); Norbert Edomah (Pan-Atlantic University); Ahmed Elsayed (Egyptian Electricity Holding Company); Georgy Ermolenko (CIS Electric Power Council); Manuel José Espinosa (The Phoenix Group); Chioma Ewurum (Renewable Energy Association of Nigeria); André Ferreira (IEMA); Mindy Fox (Solar Cookers International); Eduardo Garcia (Energy-W); Rosa Garcia (Sustainable Energy for All – SEforALL); Genice Grande-Acosta (Institute of Renewable Energy, National Autonomous University of Mexico); Jenny Gregory (RACE for 2030 Cooperative Research Centres); Füsun Haklıdır (Istanbul Bilgi University); Ian Hamilton (University College London); Fihiima Mohamed Hassan (Energy specialist); Frank Haugwitz (Asia Europe Clean Energy (Solar) Advisory Co. Ltd.); Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes (European Renewable Energies Federation); Catharina Horn (NOW GmbH); Abdulwahab Ibrahim (University of Ilorin, Nigeria); Neeraj Joshi (IPC GmBH); József Kádár (Arava Institute for Environmental Studies); Maisarah Kadir (International Renewable Energy Agency); Brian Kawuma (Power for All); Mohamedahmed Khalifa (Khartoum Refinery Company Ltd); Nazar I. Khan (Jamia Millia Islamia); Shigeki Kobayashi (Transport Institute of Central Japan); Bharadwaj Kummamuru (World Bioenergy Association); Youness Lebtar (Mohamed the First University); Luca Lorenzoni (IEA); Detlef Loy (Loy Energy Consulting); Juan Roberto Lozano-Maya (National Energy Control Center – CENACE); Jaideep Malaviya (Malaviya Solar Energy Consultancy); Vincent Martinez (Architecture 2030); Gonçalo Martins (Portuguese Association of Renewable Energy – APREN); Leopoldo Mico (Solar Heat Europe / European Solar Thermal Industry Federation); Nyasha Milanzi (Ashesi University); Emi Mizuno (SEforALL); Lawal Mohammed (Energy Commission of Nigeria); Antonio Moreno-Munoz (University of Cordoba); Sabatha Mthwecu (Solar Rais); Chuck Chuan Ng (Xiamen University Malaysia); Diana Caroline Njama (Climate Tracker); Jesse Nyokabi (Quaise Energy Africa); Marisa Olano(IDAE); Vinicius Oliveira (IEMA); Ismail Owoseni (Innov8systems Venture); Giorgia Pasqualetto (SEforALL); Lebeau Pemha Thina (International Association for Partnership and Emergence); Tran Phuong Dong (Transportation Sustainability Research Center); Joana Portugal Pereira (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro); Pallav Purohit (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis); Shayan Razaghy (Circuit Energy Inc.); Ari Reeves (CLASP); Yasemin Erboy Ruff (CLASP); Khalid Salmi (RCREEE); Heba Sharaf (Cairo University); Urooj Sheikh (Halcrow Pakistan); Irene Skoula (C40); Emilio Soberón Bravo (SFA Oxford / University of Edinburgh); Dosse Sossouga (Amis des Etrangers au Togo); William W. Steiner (Hawaii Oil Seed Producers); Satrio Swandiko Prillianto (GIZ); Jin Tanaka (UNISC International); Yael Taranto (SHURA Energy Transition Center); Hannibal Tesfahunegn (Power for All); Costas Travasaros (Prime Laser Technology); Ulric Trotz (former Caribbean Climate Change Centre); Galyna Trypolska (SO Institute for Economics and Forecasting, Ukraine National Academy of Sciences); Ioannis Tsipouridis (RED PRO Consultants); Prachi Ugle (ESDW 2021); Peter Yang (Case Western Reserve University); Xia Zuzhang (FAO) Note: Some individuals have contributed in more than one way to this report. To avoid listing contributors multiple times, they have been added to the group where they provided the most information. In most cases, the lead topical contributors also participated in the Global Status Report (GSR) review and validation process. This report was commissioned by REN21 and produced in collaboration with a global network of research partners. Financing was provided by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK) and the United Nations Environment Programme. A large share of the research for this report was conducted on a voluntary basis.