RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewables in Energy Supply

Policy

Overall Context

As policy makers around the world grapple with energy security concerns, they have prioritised measures that can ensure a steady and reliable energy supply while speeding decarbonisation of the sector. 1 This has led to the uptake of well-defined and specific policy measures. 2 Major announcements in 2022 that reshaped the policy landscape of renewables include the US Inflation Reduction Act, the European Union's (EU) Fit for 55 and RePowerEU packages, Australia's Climate Change Law, Japan's GX Green Transformation and China's 14th Five-Year Plan. 3 In response to the ongoing energy crisis, governments also increased their spending on the energy transition. 4 However, meeting the decarbonisation target required to avert the worst effects of climatic change requires far greater effort. The policies discussed here offer a wide diversity of examples but are not exhaustive.

Electricity

Most countries have in place broad national renewable energy targets for the power sector. 5 In 2022, Bolivia, Chile, the EU and four sub-national jurisdictions in Canada announced new or revised targets for renewables in electricity generation, bringing the total number of jurisdictions with such targets to at least 174, up from 135 in 2021.6 (See Figure 1 in Module Overview.) Although targets alone may not be enough to incentivise investment, they can indicate a region's dedication to the energy transition. Converting targets into concrete action requires implementing associated policies and regulations. 7

Power policies focus primarily on solar PV and wind power capacity, similar to the high levels of investment in solar and wind energy as compared to other renewable technologies. 8 During 2022, the EU and 20 national and sub-national jurisdictions added new targets for installed capacities of solar PV (8) and wind (14) power. 9 (See Figure 7) In total, more than 250 technology-specific power capacity targets were in place in 126 national and sub-national jurisdictions by year's end. 10

FIGURE 7.

Technology-Specific Targets for Installed Renewable Power Capacity,2022

 FIGURE 7.

Note: No new technology-specific targets were announced in 2022 for CSP, geothermal power and ocean power.

Source: See endnote 9 for this section.

The number of countries with support policies for renewables in the power sector remained at 156 in 2022, the same as in 2021. 11 Although some countries adopted new policies, others removed policies (mainly feed-in tariff policies). 12 Most countries use a mix of policy instruments to support the uptake of renewables, which can differ based on the technology and size of the installation and on whether or not it is decentralised. Renewable energy policies in the power sector include targets, renewable portfolio standards (RPS), renewable energy certificates (RECs) or Guarantees of Origin (GOs), feed-in tariffs and premiums, auctions and tenders, net metering (and other policies that encourage self-consumption), and fiscal and financial incentives such as grants, rebates and tax credits. 13

Feed-in tariffs (FITs) and feed-in premiums have been used widely to support the uptake of renewables within both large-scale grid systems and for decentralised power generation. 14 In 2022 and early 2023, 15 countries and 5 sub-national jurisdictions (all in Australia) revised their feed-in tariff or premium payment policies. 15 (See Figure 8.) By the end of 2022, 83 countries had in place feed-in tariff or premium payment policies. 16 FIT policies were removed in six countries (Austria, Costa Rica, Finland, New Zealand, Switzerland and Uganda) during the year and reintroduced in five countries (Bulgaria, China, Ireland, Mauritius and South Africa) after having previously been removed. 17

Barbados revised down its FIT for smaller projects (below 1 megawatt, MW) and raised it for larger projects (10 MW and higher) in an effort to incentivise large projects. 18 Germany updated its Renewable Energy Act to give owners of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems (up to 750 kilowatts, kW) the option to either choose a reduced FIT but use part of the power they produce themselves, or feed in all of the electricity generated by rooftop systems and receive an additional payment on top of the standard FIT. 19 Mauritius included in its 2022-2023 budget provisions for a FIT for medium-scale systems. 20 South Africa announced the reintroduction of FITs for solar PV to tackle load shedding. 21 Thailand introduced a 25-year FIT for solar PV and solar-plus-storage, and Japan adopted provisional FITs for fiscal year 2023. 22

FIGURE 8

Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariffs and Net Metering Policies,2022

 FIGURE 8

Note: All countries with round circles have removed feed-in tariff policies except for the Netherlands, where the net metering policy was removed after the parliament voted to end the measure.

Source: See endnote 16 for this section.

By the end of 2022, 83 countries had in place feed-in tariff or premium payment policies.

Net metering i is still a popular policy used to incentivise households, commercial entities and industrial facilities to invest in their own renewable energy systems by enabling them to sell surplus electricity to the grid. In 2022, 10 countries and several US states revised their net metering policies, including Cyprus, Egypt, Finland, Ghana, the Philippines, Romania and Slovenia. 23 The Netherlands removed its net metering policy in 2022 after the parliament voted to end the measure. 24 By year's end, a total of 92 countries had in place net metering policies. 25

Cyprus announced that it would expand funding for solar net metering by EUR 40 million (USD 43 million). 26 Finland, which has implemented net metering since early 2021, adopted a new centralised information system that enables many more solar PV systems to benefit from the scheme starting in 2023. 27 Egypt released updated net metering rules in Decree No. 6 of 2022, with increases to the maximum net metering capacity allowed. 28 Ghana's Public Utility Regulatory Commission approved net metering tariff guidelines, and the Philippines increased the size limit of energy systems eligible for net metering from 100 kW to 1 MW. 29

However, some countries have phased down net metering, in some cases to indirectly encourage the installation of energy storage systems. The Dutch parliament's decision to phase out net metering was aimed largely at incentivising the use of storage and relieving pressure on the grid. 30 Poland is shifting from net metering to net billing. 31 At the sub-national level, US states that are reducing or shifting away from net metering schemes include California, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Michigan and North Carolina. 32 In California, the third iteration of the Net Metering Program (NEM 3.0) entered into force in April 2023 and is less favourable than NEM 2.0. 33

Between January and September 2022, the awarded renewable auction capacity increased 70% to reach 77 gigawatts (GW), primarily in solar PV and wind power, with China and Europe accounting for 75% of the total awarded capacity. 34 In 2022, several countries used auctions and tenders to attract private sector investment for large-scale renewable energy projects, increase the installed power capacity and diversify the energy mix to boost energy security. In Asia, India tendered 28 GW of variable renewable power capacity, and Thailand launched a new round of auctions for biogas, wind and solar power as well as for energy storage capacity. 35 The Philippines announced a Green Energy Auction Programme for 2023 of a combined 2 GW for hydropower, solar, biomass and wind power capacity. 36

In Europe, Germany issued tenders for installations above 750 kW, Greece launched a new round of tenders until 2024 (awarding over 530 MW in its first round), and Poland awarded 486 MW of solar PV in an auction. 37 South Africa concluded its sixth auction round by awarding 860 MW of solar power capacity. 38 At the sub-national level, New South Wales in Australia launched its first-ever renewable energy auction, targeting 12 GW of renewables and storage by 2030 to replace retiring coal plants. 39

In general, however, auctions and tenders were undersubscribed globally as countries (including France, Germany, Greece and Spain) struggled to adjust these measures to inflation and to the rising costs of renewable power components. 40 Across much of Europe, the United States, and several other countries, permitting processes continue to be challenging and have led to undersubscribed auctions. 41 To attract interest, Germany raised the price cap for wind and solar PV tenders. 42

Financial and fiscal policies – such as tax exemptions, rebates, grants and loans – are popular instruments to incentivise the uptake of renewables. 43 Such policies can target specific technologies and sectors or be technology-agnostic. In 2022, 61 jurisdictions – including Bulgaria, Canada, the EU, Kenya, South Africa and the United States – introduced or revised financial and fiscal policies for renewables, bringing the total number of countries with such policies to 138. 44 The US Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 allocates USD 391 billion in subsidies and tax credits for the clean energy transition, including technology-neutral tax credits from 2025 onwards for new electricity generation (including renewable), and tax credits for the manufacture of clean energy technologies. 45 The credits are guaranteed for 10 years, helping to provide confidence to the market. 46

Other countries also announced financial and fiscal incentives. Through RePowerEU, the EU plans to ease access to tax credits for green investment. 47 Canada announced tax credits totalling USD 83 billion for clean electricity, clean technology manufacturing chains and clean hydrogen. 48 South Africa announced a ZAR 9 billion (USD 500 million) solar tax incentive for households and companies, and agreed to expand its renewable energy tax initiative to remove thresholds on generation and to enable investors to deduct the full cost of new renewable assets. 49 Bulgaria is allocating EUR 102 million (USD 112 million) for green energy and storage projects in the tourism sector. 50 As of January 2022, Kenya is granting a 50% tax exemption to power producers selling electricity that is generated fully off-grid, in a push for decentralised renewable energy solutions. 51

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By the end of 2022, 35 countries had in place renewable portfolio standards (RPS), which mandate utilities and private sector companies to install or use renewables. The Philippines amended its RPS to require a minimum of 2.5% renewable energy supplied to distribution utilities or direct buyers, up from 1% previously. 52 At the sub-national level, 36 US states and the District of Columbia had RPS as of November 2022 to support renewable energy generation. 53 The state of Maryland revised its RPS policies to no longer include waste incineration, factory farm gas, and wood biomass, as part of the Reclaim Renewable Energy Act. 54

Mandates for rooftop solar PV require certain buildings or properties to install solar panels on their roofs. 55 Such policies made a comeback in 2022, with announcements of mandates in the Czech Republic and three sub-national jurisdictions in China (Guangzhou, Jiangxi and Shaanxi). 56 The EU released its Solar Energy Strategy and its proposed Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, which require the installation of rooftop solar PV on all new public and commercial buildings with at least 250 square metres (m2) of surface by 2026, on all existing public and commercial buildings by 2027 and on all residential buildings by 2029. 57

In France, new legislation makes it mandatory for parking lots of 80 spots or more to install solar PV systems within three to five years. 58 Greece's solar mandate, which took effect in 2023, requires solar PV on all new buildings with at least 50% non-residential use and more than 500 m2 in area. 59 In Germany, 9 out of the 16 federal states have rooftop solar PV mandates, all of which took effect in January 2022. 60 At the sub-national level, Tokyo and Kawasaki City in Japan announced in 2022 that they are mandating solar PV on all new residential buildings as of 2025. 61

Community solar enables individuals, businesses and communities to have a stake in renewable energy projects, such as community energy arrangements, shared ownership, self-consumption and virtual net metering. Such engagement helps to create a more positive public response to renewables and to increase project deployment. As of the end of 2022, 13 US states had formal community solar programmes, and several other states had utility-run programmes. 62 Among advancements during the year, California enacted legislation authorising regulators to define a new community programme for the state. 63 The US National Community Solar Partnership issued a roadmap for reaching 5 million community solar households by 2025. 64 The Australian government, as part of its 2022 Climate Change Law, committed AUD 102.2 million (USD 70 million) to the Community Solar Banks Initiative. 65

In 2022, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands collectively pledged to increase offshore wind capacity ten-fold by 2050. 66 Germany updated its target for offshore wind power capacity from 40 GW to 70 GW by 2040 under the Offshore Wind Energy Act. 67 Australia has developed regulations for offshore energy infrastructure to provide increased investment and regulation for the sector. 68

Vietnam's Draft Power Development VIII includes targets for 16 GW of onshore and nearshore wind power and 7 GW of offshore wind power. 69 In 2023, nine European countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom) agreed to collective capacity targets for offshore wind power, aiming to achieve a minimum 120 GW by 2030 and 300 GW by 2050. 70

Other policy changes during the year could slow growth in wind power deployment. Denmark paused its well-established and efficient “open door” scheme for offshore wind power, creating uncertainty for developers, while Poland voted to amend its strict wind power law to forbid siting wind turbines within 700 metres of residential buildings. 71 Ireland introduced a requirement that offshore wind power projects be built in (yet unidentified) Designated Marine Areas, effectively putting offshore development on hold. 72

In 2022 and early 2023, the Slovak Republic, Türkiye and the United Kingdom announced national renewable hydrogen strategies and roadmaps, bringing the total number of countries with such strategies to 45. 73 (See Figure 21 in Hydrogen section.) Fiscal and financial incentives supporting renewable hydrogen were in place in 14 countries, 7 sub-national jurisdictions and the EU as of the end of 2022. 74

Other policies and programmes include a measure setting up export-import corridors for renewable hydrogen between Chile and the Netherlands. 75 Countries are supporting renewable hydrogen because of its potential to reduce carbon emissions in hard-to-abate sectors, such as in some industries. 76

Argentina launched a Green Hydrogen Strategy targeting 5 GW of renewable hydrogen by 2030. 77 South Africa issued its Hydrogen Society Roadmap, which aims for 500 kilotonnes of renewable hydrogen production by 2030 and 15 GW by 2040. 78 Austria, in its hydrogen strategy, is targeting 4 terawatt-hours of annual renewable hydrogen production and 1 GW of electrolysis capacity by 2030. 79 Uruguay announced a renewable hydrogen roadmap targeting 1 million tonnes of production annually by 2040 and requiring the installation of 20 GW of renewables. 80

The US Inflation Reduction Act includes a tax credit for renewable hydrogen of USD 3 per kilogram. 81 In 2021, six countries (Egypt, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia and South Africa) launched the Africa Green Hydrogen Alliance in an effort to advance the uptake of renewable hydrogen in Africa. 82

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Heating and Cooling

In 2022, only two countries (Germany and Serbia) and the EU updated their heating and cooling targets. (See Figure 1 in Module Overview.)

The EU is taking significant steps towards policy advancement in solar thermal energy. The Fit for 55 package aims to accelerate the deployment and uptake of renewables, including solar thermal, by setting higher overall targets for 2030 and more ambitious sub-sectoral targets in heating and cooling, buildings and industry. 83 The revised text focuses on accelerating permitting for renewable energy projects and ensuring the availability of a skilled workforce. 84

Under the EU's Green Deal Industrial Plan, solar thermal energy is recognised as a strategic net zero industry, and the region plans to innovate and scale manufacturing capacity in net zero technologies. 85 Although the sector is currently able to supply around 90% of EU heat energy demand, the challenge is to expand this capacity to meet projected growth to 2030 and beyond. 86 The EU also is underpinning its leadership in the green transition and research and innovation investments in clean energy technologies by revamping the Strategic Energy Technology Plan; this is expected to benefit the European solar thermal sector by including renewable heating and cooling generation. 87

Policies around district heating gained momentum in 2022, especially in the face of high energy prices during the year. 88 Germany is setting up a fund of EUR 3 billion (USD 3.3 billion) aimed at decarbonising the district heating sector and financing the construction of new heating networks with 75% renewables. 89 Denmark approved a new law that allows district heating companies to negotiate pricing with geothermal operators to put a cap on consumer costs. 90 The UK Net Zero Strategy allocates GBP 338 million (USD 421 million) for the Heat Network Transformation Programme, with a focus on low-carbon technologies. 91

Heat pumps are considered a central solution for energy efficiency, and many countries have pushed for greater uptake. Governments in Europe, Japan and the United States introduced high-level policy-making efforts to encourage deployment of the devices. 92 Subsidies currently available for upfront costs of both air‐to‐air and air‐to‐water heat pumps are below those for gas boilers in some countries, including France and the United States. 93

The RePowerEU policy targets the installation of 20 million heat pumps by 2026 and nearly 60 million by 2030. 94 The EU also announced an action plan to boost regional heat pump manufacturing and deployment. 95 In France, grant support for installing ground-source heat pumps was raised to EUR 5,000 (USD 5,500) per unit in early 2023. 96 Germany launched rebates of up to 40% for homeowners to install heat pumps. 97 The US Inflation Reduction Act offers rebates for low-income households that cover up to 100% of the cost of a heat pump and installation. 98

The RePowerEU policy targets the installation of 20 million heat pumps by 2026 and nearly 60 million by 2030.

China introduced an updated building energy law, its first binding energy efficiency standard for new buildings, that targets installing heat pumps for 2 million m2 of public and government buildings. 99 Canada announced an additional CAD 250 million (USD 185 million) to swap oil furnaces for heat pumps, and New York State invested USD 70 million to electrify public housing. 100 Such policies have resulted in rising heat pump sales and provided clear signals to the expanding heat pump industry. 101

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Footnotes

i Net metering is a system that allows residential and commercial customers with solar panels or other renewable energy sources to receive credit for any excess electricity they generate and send back to the grid, which can be used to offset future electricity bills. Net billing, on the other hand, is a system in which customers are paid for the excess energy they generate at a fixed rate per kWh, which is typically lower than the retail rate they would pay for electricity.

  1. International Energy Agency (IEA), “Global Energy Crisis – Topics”, https://www.iea.org/topics/global-energy-crisis, accessed April 13, 2023.1
  2. IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2022 Shows the Global Energy Crisis Can Be a Historic Turning Point Towards a Cleaner and More Secure Future”, October 27, 2022, https://www.iea.org/news/world-energy-outlook-2022-shows-the-global-energy-crisis-can-be-a-historic-turning-point-towards-a-cleaner-and-more-secure-future. 2
  3. Ibid.3
  4. IEA, “Global Government Spending on Clean Energy Transitions Rises to USD 1.2 Trillion Since the Start of the Pandemic, Spurred by Energy Security Concerns”, December 9, 2022, https://www.iea.org/news/global-government-spending-on-clean-energy-transitions-rises-to-usd-1-2-trillion-since-the-start-of-the-pandemic-spurred-by-energy-security-concerns. 4
  5. REN21 Policy Database. See GSR 2023 Data Pack, available at www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack/supply.5
  6. Ibid.6
  7. Ibid.7
  8. Ibid.8
  9. Figure 7 from Ibid.9
  10. Ibid.10
  11. Ibid.11
  12. Ibid.12
  13. Ibid.13
  14. Ibid.14
  15. Ibid.15
  16. Figure 8 from ibid.16
  17. Ibid.17
  18. M. Madden, “FTC Announces New Rates for Power Sold to National Grid”, Barbados Today, January 10, 2023, https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/01/10/ftc-announces-new-rates-for-power-sold-to-national-grid.18
  19. M. Willuhn, “Germany Raises Feed-in Tariffs for Solar up to 750 KW”, pv magazine, July 7, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/07/07/germany-raises-feed-in-tariffs-for-solar-up-to-750-kw. 19
  20. DLA Piper, “Africa Energy Futures Mauritius”, 2022, https://www.dlapiper.com/en/insights/publications/2022/11/africa-energy-futures/africa-energy-futures-mauritius. 20
  21. E. Bellini, “South Africa to Introduce Feed-in Tariffs for Rooftop PV”, pv magazine, July 26, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/07/26/south-africa-to-introduce-feed-in-tariffs-for-rooftop-pv.21
  22. B. Santos, “Thailand Introduces FIT Scheme for Solar, Storage”, pv magazine, October 31, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/10/31/thailand-introduces-fit-scheme-for-solar-storage; Enerdata, “Japan Sets Feed-in Tariff Levels for Renewable Projects in 2022-2023”, February 25, 2022, https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/japan-sets-feed-tariff-levels-renewable-projects-2022-2023.html. 22
  23. REN21 Policy Database, op. cit. note 5.23
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    Metering”, pv magazine, February 9, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.
    com/2023/02/09/dutch-parliament-approves-proposal-to-phase-
    out-net-metering    . 24
  25. Ibid.25
  26. I. Tsagas, “Cyprus Expands Funding for Solar Net Metering”, pv magazine, August 26, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/
    2022/08/26/cyprus-expands-funding-for-solar-net-metering    .26
  27. B. Santos, “Finland to Extend Net Metering to All PV Systems in
    2023”, pv magazine, October 26, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.
    com/2022/10/26/finland-to-extend-net-metering-to-all-pv-
    systems-in-2023    . 27
  28. F. Salah, “Ahead of COP27 – Egypt Relaxes the Restrictions on Net Metering and Self Consumption Solar Plants”, Riad-Riad.com, March 9, 2022, https://riad-riad.com/ahead-of-cop27-egypt-relaxes-the-restrictions-on-net-metering-and-self-consumption-solar-plants. 28
  29. S. Sundar, “Ghana Aims to Become a Regional Manufacturing Hub for Solar Value Chains”, Zawya, November 29, 2022, https://www.zawya.com/en/projects/industry/ghana-aims-to-become-a-regional-manufacturing-hub-for-solar-value-chains-cfpvtl2q; E. Bellini, “Philippines Increases Net-Metering Size Limit for Renewables to 1 MW”, pv magazine Australia, November 30, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine-australia.com/2022/11/30/philippines-increases-net-metering-size-limit-for-renewables-to-1-mw. 29
  30. E. Bellini, “Dutch Parliament Approves Proposal to Phase Out
    Net Metering”, pv magazine, February 9, 2023, https://www.pv-
    magazine.com/2023/02/09/dutch-parliament-approves-proposal-
    to-phase-out-net-metering    . 30
  31. M.R. Lown, “Poland's Transition from Net Metering to Net Billing”,
    pv magazine, July 13, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/
    07/13/polands-transition-from-net-metering-to-net-billing    .31
  32. R. Kennedy, “Community Solar Up, Net Metering Down in US
    This Year”, pv magazine, February 1, 2023, https://www.pv-
    magazine.com/2023/02/01/community-solar-up-net-metering-
    down-in-us-this-year    . 32
  33. S. Wasson, “NEM 3.0: Why April 2023 Will Change the Solar
    Game in CA”, Today's Homeowner, January 17, 2023, https://
    todayshomeowner.com/solar/guides/nem-3-0-why-april-
    2023-will-change-the-solar-game-in-ca    . 33
  34. IEA, “Renewable Electricity – Renewables 2022 – Analysis”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022/renewable-electricity.34
  35. U. Gupta, “Renewable Energy Auctions Not in Tandem with Government Targets”, pv magazine India, February 21, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2023/02/21/renewable-energy-auctions-not-in-tandem-with-government-targets; C. Akkaravoranun et al., “Thailand: The Wait Is Over! New Round of Renewable Energy Auctions Have Officially Been Launched – Bidding Ends in November 2022”, Global Compliance News, November 9, 2022, https://www.globalcompliancenews.com/2022/11/09/https-insightplus-bakermckenzie-com-bm-energy-mining-infrastructure_1-here_11022022. 35
  36. Enerdata, “The Philippines Will Auction 11.6 GW of Renewable Capacity in June 2023”, March 22, 2023, https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/philippines-will-auction-116-gw-renewable-capacity-june-2023.html. 36
  37. Willuhn, op. cit. note 19; I. Tsagas, “Greece's Renewables Tender Awards 372 MW of PV at Average of €47.98/MWh”, pv magazine, September 13, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/09/13/greeces-renewables-tender-awards-372-mw-of-pv-at-average-of-e47-98-mwh; W. Norman, “Poland Awards 486MW of Solar PV in Latest Renewables Auction”, PV Tech, December 21, 2022, https://www.pv-tech.org/poland-awards-486mw-of-solar-pv-in-latest-renewables-auction.37
  38. E. Bellini, “South Africa's Sixth Renewables Auction Concludes with Lowest Bid of $0.02689/KWh”, pv magazine, December 12, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/12/12/south-africas-sixth-renewables-auction-concludes-with-lowest-bid-of-0-02689-kwh. 38
  39. J. Touriño Jacobo, “New South Wales Launches Renewables Auction, Targets 12GW of Deployment by 2030”, PV Tech, October 4, 2022, https://www.pv-tech.org/new-south-wales-launches-renewables-auction-targets-12gw-of-deployment-by-2030. 39
  40. WindEurope, “Increasing Cost Pressures and Design Flaws Undermine Spanish Auction”, November 25, 2022, https://windeurope.org/newsroom/press-releases/increasing-cost-pressures-and-design-flaws-undermine-spanish-auction; reNEWS, “France Secures 339MW in Undersubscribed Solar Auction”, August 9, 2022, https://renews.biz/79717/france-secures-339mw-in-undersubscribed-solar-auction;
    B. Radowitz, “Few Bidders in German Clean Energy Tender as Macroeconomics Hit Wind and Solar Build-Out”, Recharge News, December 20, 2022, https://www.rechargenews.com/energy-transition/few-bidders-in-german-clean-energy-tender-as-macroeconomics-hit-wind-and-solar-build-out/2-1-1377668. 40
  41. WindEurope, “Messy Permitting Leads to Yet Another Undersubscribed Wind Auction in Italy”, February 1, 2022, https://windeurope.org/newsroom/press-releases/messy-permitting-leads-to-yet-another-undersubscribed-wind-auction-in-italy. 41
  42. B. Radowitz, “'Better Starting Position' – German Regulator Raises Price Cap for Wind and Solar Tenders”, Recharge News, December 29, 2022, https://www.rechargenews.com/energy-transition/better-starting-position-german-regulator-raises-price-cap-for-wind-and-solar-tenders/2-1-1381200. 42
  43. S.A. Qadir et al., “Incentives and Strategies for Financing the Renewable Energy Transition: A Review”, Energy Report, Vol. 7 (November 2021), pp. 3590-3606, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.041. 43
  44. REN21 Policy Database, op. cit. note 5.44
  45. M. Barbanell, “A Brief Summary of the Climate and Energy Provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022”, World Resources Institute, October 28, 2022, https://www.wri.org/update/brief-summary-climate-and-energy-provisions-inflation-reduction-act-2022. 45
  46. Ibid.46
  47. J. Espinoza et al., “EU Plans to Relax Curbs on Tax Credits in Response to 'Toxic' US Subsidies”, Financial Times, January 30, 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/53eb769b-6ce1-4f50-9703-f2463c465001.47
  48. J.L., “Canadian Gov't Sets out $83B for Clean Investment Tax Credits”, Carbon Credits, March 29, 2023, https://carboncredits.com/canadian-govt-sets-out-83b-for-clean-investment-tax-credits. 48
  49. Zawya, “Renewable Energy, Solar Tax Incentive Introduced
    for Businesses, Individuals”, February 23, 2023, https://www.zawya.com/en/economy/africa/renewable-energy-solar-tax-incentive-introduced-for-businesses-individuals-egjqo046;
    K. Whyte Subban Virusha, “South Africa: ESG Windfall with the Expanded Renewable Energy Tax Incentive”, Global Compliance News, March 15, 2023, https://www.globalcompliancenews.com/2023/03/15/https-insightplus-bakermckenzie-com-bm-tax-south-africa-two-birds-with-one-sunbeam-esg-windfall-with-the-expanded-renewable-energy-tax-incentive_02282023. 49
  50. I. Todorović, “Bulgaria Prepares EUR 102 Million in Grants for Green Energy in Tourism Sector”, Balkan Green Energy News, October 18, 2022, https://balkangreenenergynews.com/bulgaria-prepares-eur-102-million-in-grants-for-green-energy-in-tourism-sector. 50
  51. C. Munda, “Mini-Grids Get Tax Cut to Take on Kenya Power”, Business Daily, January 3, 2022, https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/mini-grids-get-tax-cut-take-on-kenya-power-3671380. 51
  52. H. Alcoseba Fernandez, “Philippines Raises Minimum Renewable Energy Capacity to 2.5% in Power Mix”, Eco-Business, October 3, 2022, https://www.eco-business.com/news/philippines-raises-minimum-renewable-energy-capacity-to-25-in-power-mix. 52
  53. US Energy Information Administration (EIA), “Renewable Energy Explained – Portfolio Standards”, https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/renewable-sources/portfolio-standards.php, accessed May 8, 2023.53
  54. Food & Water Watch, “MD Legislators Announce Bill to Clean Up Renewable Portfolio Standard”, January 31, 2023, https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2023/01/31/md-legislators-announce-bill-to-clean-up-renewable-portfolio-standard. 54
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