Abbreviations AfDB African Development Bank AMP Africa Minigrids Program ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AUD Australian dollar BCM Billion cubic metres CAD Canadian dollar CAPEX Capital expenditure CCA Community choice aggregation CHP Combined heat and power CNY Chinese yuan CNG Compressed natural gas CO2 Carbon dioxides COP Conference of the Parties CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation CSP Concentrating solar-thermal power DRE Decentralised renewable energy DREA Distributed renewables for energy access DRI Direct-reduced iron EaaS Energy-as-a-Service EC European Commission ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EGS Enhanced geothermal systems EJ Exajoule EMT Madrid Municipal Transport Company EPBD Energy Performance in Buildings Directive ESCO Energy service company ESG Environmental, Social and Governance ETS Emission trading system EU European Union (EU-27) EUR Euro EV Electric vehicle FAME Fatty acid methyl esters FIT Feed-in tariff FSD Financing Steel Decarbonisation G20 Group of Twenty GBP British pound GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross domestic product GEIPP Global Eco-Industrial Parks Programme GERD Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam GSR Global Status Report GW/GWh Gigawatt/gigawatt-hour GWth Gigawatt-thermal HEFA Hydrotreated esters and fatty acids HJT Heterojunction cell technology HVDC High-voltage direct current HVO Hydrotreated vegetable oil ICE Internal combustion engine IEA International Energy Agency IPCEI Important Project of Common European Interest IRA Inflation Reduction Act ktoe Kilotonne of oil equivalent kW/kWh Kilowatt/kilowatt-hour Wth kilowatt-thermal LCOE Levelised cost of energy (or electricity) LDC Least developed country LPG Liquefied petroleum gas m2 Square metre MJ Megajoule MoU Memorandum of Understanding Mt Megatonne Mtoe Megatonne of oil equivalent MW/MWh Megawatt/megawatt-hour MWth Megawatt-thermal MXN Mexican peso NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NCAP National Cooling Action Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NREL US National Renewable Energy Laboratory O&M Operations and maintenance ÖBB Austrian Federal Railway OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OTEC Ocean thermal energy conversion PAYGo Pay-as-you-go PJ Petajoule PM 2.5 Particulate matter 2.5 PPA Power purchase agreement PTC Production Tax Credit PV Photovoltaic PVT Photovoltaic-thermal hybrid solar collector R&D Research and development RED EU Renewable Energy Directive RES Renewable energy sources RPS Renewable portfolio standard SAF Sustainable aviation fuel SDG Sustainable Development Goal SHIP Solar heat for industrial processes TCFD Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures TES Thermal energy storage TFEC Total final energy consumption TW/TWh Terawatt/Terawatt hour UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization US United States USD United States dollar VAT Value-added tax V2G Vehicle-to-grid VIPV Vehicle-integrated photovoltaic VPP Virtual power plant