RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewables in Energy Demand

2024

RENEWABLES IN INDUSTRY

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Industry i is the largest energy consuming sector and the sector with the highest share of renewables. Renewable heat, fuels and electricity are all playing key roles in industrial decarbonisation efforts.

34
% of energy consumption in 2021 was in the industrial sector
16.8
% of energy consumption in industry came from renewables in 2021
12
countries had regulatory policies supporting renewable energy uptake specifically in industry in 2023, three more than in 2022

KEY FACTS

Despite a 5% absolute increase in renewable energy use in 2021, the share of renewables in industrial energy consumption remained relatively steady in 2020 and 2021 as overall energy use also increased.

The share of direct energy use for heat in industry was 74% in 2021, of which 12.1% was renewable energy.

Due to the diverse processes and temperature requirements of industrial sub-sectors, the share of renewables in energy use varies from 7% in the chemical and petrochemical industry to 44% in paper, pulp and printing.

Renewable hydrogen policies for heavy industry expanded in 2023, especially in the Europe, with the EU's New Renewable Energy Directive stating that at least 42% of the hydrogen in industry should come from renewable fuels of non-biological origin by 2030.

Module Overview

Industry is the largest energy-consuming sector, accounting for 34% of the energy consumption in end-use sectors in 2022. 1 Energy demand in industry stagnated in 2022 after increasing rapidly in 2021 to surpass the pre-pandemic level by 5%. 2 Two key industries – iron and steel (17.2%) and chemicals (16.7%) – together accounted for more than one-third (34%) of the industrial energy demand in 2021, followed by non-metallic minerals (13.2%, including cement and concrete), food and tobacco (6.4%), non-ferrous metals (5.5%), pulp and paper (5.2%) and mining (2.7%). 3

Industrial enterprises generated 28% of global GDP in 2022 and 23% of total employment. 4 Globally, industrial production underwent significant disruptions that year as a result of the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine and a slowdown of the construction sector in China. 5 Industrial activity produced around 9.37 gigatonnes of CO2 in 2023, up 4.3% from 2022. 6 Around 71% of direct ii industrial CO2 emissions came from three sectors: cement and concrete, iron and steel, and chemicals and petrochemicals. 7

CO2 emissions from industry show a contrast between high- and low-income regions. 8 In the European Union (EU), industrial production slowed in 2023 due to high energy prices and interest rates, weak domestic demand and strong international competition. 9 Industrial CO2 emissions fell by 34 million tonnes in the EU and 26 million tonnes in the United States. 10 In contrast, CO2 emissions from the sector rose by 32 million tonnes in China, 44 million tonnes in India and 39 million tonnes in Indonesia in 2023. 11

Since 2010, the energy mix of the industry sector has remained relatively stable, with a heavy reliance on fossil fuels. The share of fossil fuel use in industry declined slightly from 87.2% in 2011 to 82.7% in 2021 (See Figure 7.), due mainly to the ongoing electrification of industrial heat combined with the rise of renewable electricity use, which more than doubled during the decade. 12 The renewable energy share in industry in 2021 was 16.8%, split nearly evenly between modern bioenergy and renewable electricity. 13 Despite a 5% absolute increase in renewable energy use in 2021, the share of renewables in industrial energy consumption remained steady in 2020 and 2021 because overall energy use also rose. 14

FIGURE 7.Renewable Energy Share in Final Energy Consumption in Industry, 2011 and 2021

FIGURE 7.

Source: See endnote 12 for this module.

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The share of electricity in the industrial sector reached 26% in 2021, up from 22% in 2011. 15 Electricity can provide heating across a wide range of temperature levels, including through heat pumps for low-temperature applications and electric arc furnaces for high-temperature applications (such as steel making). Electrical heat also can be provided through resistance, infrared, induction, microwave and plasma heating. 16 Electricity is used to power a range of industrial processes, including alumina electrolysis for aluminium production, and electrowinning iii which produces copper and nickel. 17

The share of energy use for heat applications in the industrial sector was 74% in 2021, down from 78% in 2011. 18 Renewable energy represented 12.1% of the direct use of process heat in 2021. 19 The majority of this was modern bioheat (89%), followed by renewable electricity (10%) and direct solar thermal and geothermal heat (less than 1%). 20 Bioenergy use is most common in biomass-based industries that generate energy from their own waste. In the pulp and paper industry, bioenergy (mainly black liquor from pulping) contributed 40% of the total final energy consumption in 2022. 21 Additional ways to replace fossil fuels for process heat include alternative renewable fuels such as renewable-based hydrogen, which is gaining momentum in steel, ammonia and glass making (see Market Developments section). Other renewable heat sources, such as geothermal and solar thermal, are used in the food and chemicals industries.

Footnotes

i Energy use in industry includes energy used for mining, construction, manufacturing of machinery, pesticides and fertilisers and food packaging, processing and transport.

ii Emissions from energy combustion and industrial processes excluding flaring.

iii Electrochemical process used to extract metal ions from water-based solutions.

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