RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewables in Energy Demand

2024

Market Developments

Heat dominates energy consumption in industry. It is used for washing, cooking, sterilising, drying, preheating boiler feed water and other uses and is essential in refining raw materials, smelting metals and producing chemicals. 63 The share of heat in industrial energy use varies by sub-sector, ranging from 32% in machinery production, to 41% in transport equipment manufacturing, to 85% in glass and cement industries and the share of electrification and renewable energy share varies broadly across sub-sectors. 64 (See Figure 8.)

As of 2021, only 12.1% of heat consumption in the industry sector was renewable, and solutions are emerging to increase this share across specific sub-sectors, depending on the required process temperature. 65 Process heat over 750°C remains dependent on fossil fuels, but in some cases resistance, infrared, induction, microwave and plasma heating can provide electric-based solutions up to 1500°C, with renewable hydrogen and biomass also positioned as strong alternatives. 66 Electrothermal energy storage (ETES) i technologies have commercially available solutions for heat processes that require temperatures up to 400°C. 67 For processes below 200°C, direct electrification through renewable electricity has gained momentum, with heat pump technology evolving to provide medium-temperature heat. 68 Heat purchase agreements (HPAs) also are on the rise, especially in industries with low and medium temperature requirements (see Investment: Food industry and Mining).

The use of modern bioenergy in industry increased by 46% between 2011 and 2021, rising from 8 exajoules (EJ) to 10.1 EJ. 69 However, the share of bioenergy use relative to total final energy consumption in industry increased only slightly during the decade, from 7% to 8%. 70

Solar thermal can be an efficient means of providing zero-carbon heat and a cost-effective alternative to the electrification of heat. Although it has been used mainly for low-temperature applications, new solar thermal designs serve applications with temperature requirements of up to 400°C. 71 High initial capital costs, long lead times, and low client awareness have led to limited uptake, even in sectors with significant technical and economic potential, such as textiles and food. 72 However, in 2023 the Dutch packaging and materials manufacturer Avery Dennison commissioned Europe's largest concentrated solar thermal platform and storage unit, with a peak energy yield of 2.7 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of thermal power. 73 By the end of 2023, at least 1,209 solar heat for industrial processes (SHIP) installations, totalling more than 951 MWth, were supplying process heat to factories worldwide. 74 At least 116 projects came online in 2023 alone. 75 Projects are getting bigger, and the proportion of systems with temperatures above 100°C is increasing rapidly. 76

High-temperature geothermal energy can be used directly to generate electricity, heat, or both. Direct geothermal use accounted for less than 1% of the total thermal energy use in industry in 2021, mainly in food processing, packaging and transport, and mining. 77 Barriers to wider adoption include resource availability and high upfront costs. 78

FIGURE 8.Renewable Energy Share and Electrification Rate by Industry Sub-Sector, 2021

FIGURE 8.

Source: See endnote 64 for this module.

Electrification via renewables continued to develop in 2023. Industries have invested in on-site renewable electricity plants or are using power purchase agreements (PPAs) to procure renewable electricity for their operations. However, the cost of electrified operations is not equal across the globe. Electricity prices for energy-intensive industries in the EU were almost double those in China and the United States in 2023, potentially increasing the attractiveness of on-site renewable energy production for European industries. 79

Heat pumps, although not technically a renewable energy technology, are an energy-efficient alternative to traditional heating and cooling systems and a key technology for electrifying industry and increasing the renewable share of industrial energy use. 80 Energy security risks and fluctuating fossil fuel prices, along with a growing focus on efficiency, is driving market uptake among the three main industrial users of heat pumps: pulp and paper, food and beverage, and chemicals. 81 Large-scale heat pumps are a rapidly expanding solution for meeting industrial heat demand. 82

Renewable hydrogen has been discussed mainly in the context of decarbonising energy-intensive processes, in particular in the petrochemical and steel industries. Despite growing momentum for renewable hydrogen in 2023, development remained limited due to high production costs, lack of demand-side subsidies, lack of offtake agreements, high risk perception from the finance sector, lack of consistent green hydrogen standards and the need for related infrastructure. 83

Globally, the number of eco-industrial parks that pool renewable energy generation, use, and sometimes research and development has grown rapidly, with the aim of creating resource-efficient industrial parks that are more competitive, risk resilient and attractive for investment. In 2023, in the framework of the World Economic Forum's (WEF) “Transitioning industrial clusters towards net zero” initiative, Dunkerke in France launched the DKarbonation project, which aims to create a zero-emission industrial cluster by 2050, including for steel, aluminium, cement, gas, low-carbon hydrogen and battery production. 84 China's Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), which joined the WEF initiative in 2023, has introduced resource recycling in the automotive and electronics industries. 85 The industrial park also implemented energy and environmental infrastructure projects – such as geothermal, reclaimed water plants and waste heat utilisation development – to improve the park's system efficiency and circularity. 86

Due to a lack of financing, the adoption of renewable electricity by small and medium-sized industries represents a largely untapped solution area for low-carbon industrialisation, particularly in developing countries. 87

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Focus on Heavy Industry

Heavy industries are the most energy-intensive users in the industry sector. Four main sub-sectors account for more than 47% of industrial energy use: iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, chemicals and petrochemicals, and non-metallic minerals. 88 The renewable energy share in

heavy industry continues to be lower than the average industrial sector, with renewables representing 8.7% of energy consumption in the aforementioned sectors in 2021 as compared to 16.8% across all industries. 89 (See Figure 9.)

FIGURE 9.Share of Renewable Energy in TFEC by Heavy Industry Sub-Sector, 2011 to 2021

FIGURE 9.

Source: See endnote 89 for this module.

Iron and Steel and Non-Ferrous Metals

Values in 2021 Iron and steel Non-ferrous metals
Share of sub-sector in industry TFEC 17.2%
5.5%
Share of electricity in sub-sectoral TFEC
Share of renewable energy in sub-sectoral TFEC
Share of bioenergy in renewable energy in sub-sectoral TFEC

Source: See endnote 89 for this module.

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Traditionally, the iron and steel industry has relied heavily on blast furnaces that use a high-carbon form of coal known as coke. Increasingly, electric arc furnaces are being adopted that enable the direct use of renewable electricity, mainly to produce secondary steel made from recycled or scrap steel. 90 So far, secondary steel has not been able to satisfy high-grade or specialty requirements, and the volume is insufficient to meet global steel demand. 91 Direct reduced iron, produced with renewable hydrogen and linked with renewable-powered electric furnaces, is a solution to renewables in primary steelmaking. 92 Of the steelmaking capacity added since 2021, 43% is based on electric arc furnace technology and 57% uses coal-based blast furnace-basic oxygen furnaces. 93

In Europe, the price of carbon under the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) has made investment in “green” steelmaking increasingly attractive. 94 In Belgium, the wind turbine manufacturer Vestas partnered with steel manufacturer ArcelorMittal in early 2024 to produce a turbine tower based on low-emission steel, using 100% steel scrap melted in an electric furnace powered by 100% wind energy. 95

In the United States, the steel industry has been buying more renewable energy. In 2022, Ohio-based Cleveland Cliffs, North America's largest producer of flat-rolled steel, agreed to a 15-year PPA with EDP Renewables to consume electricity generated by a 180 MW wind farm in Indiana. 96 The firm also has made progress in lowering its emissions through energy efficiency improvements: in 2020, it opened a “direct reduction” plant, which reduces the temperature requirements and the amount of coke needed in blast furnaces. 97

In India, steel manufacturer Tata Steel trialled the use of hydrogen in blast furnaces for steel making in 2023, using a hydrogen injection of up to 40%, which confirms the potential of green hydrogen use for for steel production. 98 Globally, 14 green steel projects were announced during the year, 8 of which involve renewable hydrogen. 99

The chemical industry faces the dual challenge of phasing out fossil fuel use both as an energy source and for non-energy purposes, such as the use of carbon feedstock to produce organic chemicals. 101

In process heat, renewable electricity (through heat pumps for low-temperature heat), solar thermal heat (boosted by heat pumps) and renewable hydrogen (for higher-temperature processes) are well positioned to provide a stable and secure energy supply. 102 In Belgium, the plastics manufacturer INEOS Inovyn signed a 15-year PPA to purchase renewable electricity produced on-site via a 60 MW solar PV installation financed and owned by Green4Power. 103

Chemicals and Petrochemicals

Values in 2021 Chemicals and Petrochemicals
Share of sub-sector in industry TFEC 16.7%
Share of electricity in sub-sectoral TFEC
Share of renewable energy in sub-sectoral TFEC
Share of bioenergy in renewable energy in sub-sectoral TFEC

Source: See endnote 100 for this module.

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In Germany, the chemical manufacturer BASF plans to use an industrial heat pump for steam production with a capacity of 129 MW at what is set to be the world's largest chemical plant. 104 For chemical feedstocks, renewable hydrogen can replace fossil-based hydrogen in the production of ammonia and other products, such as methanol, when combined with modern biomass. 105 In 2023, LEGO, the world's largest toy company, and Novo Nordisk, a leading health-care company, agreed on a project to replace fossil fuel use in plastic production, using e-methanol produced by renewable electricity. 106

The chemical industry also is well suited to efficiently use a wide range of residual and waste biomass, or biomass that is currently burned for energy. 107 In Thailand, Braskem and SCG Chemicals signed a joint venture to advance the use of ethanol from sugar cane for plastic production. 108 In the United States, New Energy Blue announced a long-term supply agreement with Dow to create bio-based ethylene from renewable agricultural residues for plastic production. 109

Cement and concrete are the second most-used substance in the world (after water) and also the second largest source of direct CO₂ emissions from industry. 111 Fossil fuels remain the dominant energy source (90% in 2022) for production processes that require temperatures of up to 1500°C, followed by bioenergy and renewable waste (4%) and non-renewable waste (4%). 112 Emissions in this industry come mainly from chemical reactions in the cement production process (50%), with 40% coming from burning fossil fuels and the rest from electricity use for machinery operation, mining and transport of raw materials. 113 Cement production fell 5% in 2022, due mainly to a slowdown in China, and stayed at that level in 2023. 114

Fossil fuels provide90%of energy consumption in cement and concrete production, which requires temperatures of up to 1,500°C.

In 2023, several cement manufacturers installed solar plants. ARGOS, present in several Latin American countries, inaugurated a 20 MW solar PV plant in Honduras. 115 In Kenya, Bamburi Cement Plc signed a land lease agreement for a 20 MW solar PV plant, and HOLCIM was set to generate 75% of its on-site electricity consumption with a 25 MW solar PV plant. 116 In Spain, the cement manufacturer Cemex, in partnership with the Swiss-based concentrated solar company Synhelion, achieved industrial production of clinker (the most energy-intensive part of cement manufacturing) in Madrid using only solar heat. 117

Electricity use accounts for around 5% of the greenhouse gas emissions from cement making, and various efforts emerged in 2023 to decarbonise this electricity use through renewables. 118 In the Philippines, Filinvest-Engie Renewable Energy Enterprise (FREE) announced a 25-year PPA for 13 MW of solar power to supply the Cemex manufacturing plant. 119 Electrification of kilns is a further avenue for integrating renewables in cement production. Coolbrook, a Finnish company, developed a RotoDynamic Heater in 2023 that can be retrofitted to existing plants to provide electric process heat for high-temperature industrial applications. 120 Another option for electrifying cement making is thermal “batteries”. In Thailand, Siam Cement Group has the capacity as of mid-2023 to produce 2.4 GWh annually of heat “batteries”, which use an insulated refractory brick to store renewable electricity in the form of high-temperature heat. 121 Over 30 companies are providing high-temperature thermal storage for industrial applications. 122

Non-Metallic Minerals

Values in 2021 Non-Metallic Minerals
Share of sub-sector in industry TFEC 13.2%
Share of electricity in sub-sectoral TFEC
Share of renewable energy in sub-sectoral TFEC
Share of bioenergy in renewable energy in sub-sectoral TFEC

Source: See endnote 110 for this module.

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For glass production, up to 85% of the energy requirement is for heating raw materials in a furnace with a constant temperature of around 1500°C. 123 The industry relies on fossil gas for three-quarters of its total energy use, as a stable energy source, and a supply disruption would cause irreversible damage to glass production infrastructure. 124 Alternatives to fossil gas include fully electric resistance heaters and oxy-hybrid furnaces that combine electricity, hydrogen and oxygen to reach the needed temperatures. 125

In early 2023, the French company Saint-Gobain became the world's first glass manufacturer to pilot the use of more than 30% hydrogen in energy (60% in volume) to produce flat glass, which would open the possibility of using renewable hydrogen in glass production. 126 In Luxembourg, Plug Power developed 5 MW electrolysers that will enable Ardagh Glass to produce renewable hydrogen to replace fossil gas use. 127 However, concerns about changes in the glass quality when using high shares of hydrogen remain, highlighting the need for further research and development. 128

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Focus on Light Industry

The lower temperature requirements of light industry enable easier integration of renewables. However, manufacturing sites are more diverse and widely spread, which makes the scale-up of technologies more complex. 129 The highest energy consumers among light industries are paper, pulp, and printing, as well as food and tobacco, which use a combined 11.6% share of the total energy consumption in industry. 130 The share of renewable energy in these sectors, has remained relatively stable in the last decade. 131 (See Figure 10.)

FIGURE 10.Share of Renewable Energy in TFEC by Light Industry Sub-Sector, 2011 to 2021

FIGURE 10.

Source: See endnote 131 for this Module.

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Bioenergy represents over 90% of renewable energy consumed in the food and paper industries.

The pulp and paper industry relies heavily on its own waste to produce large amounts of heat and electricity. 132 More than two-thirds of the energy used in paper making is in the form of heat for drying pulp and paper, with bioenergy providing more than half. 133 To cover the heat requirements beyond what waste provides, renewable-powered large heat pumps that repurpose residual heat are being explored as an alternative to fossil fuels, and to fossil gas in particular. 134

In 2023, the Italian company Turboden announced the development of a large heat pump specifically for the pulp and paper industry that can generate mid-temperature steam of more than 200°C. 135 In Spain, ACCIONA Energía signed a 10-year PPA to supply renewable electricity to tissue paper manufacturer Sofidel, providing more than 90 GWh per year. 136 In Finland, Doosan Škoda Power and Metsä Fibre commissioned a 270 MW steam turbine that will help replace fossil fuels with renewable bioenergy for paper production. 137

Paper, Pulp and Printing

Values in 2021 Paper, Pulp and Printing
Share of sub-sector in industry TFEC 5.2%
Share of electricity in sub-sectoral TFEC
Share of renewable energy in sub-sectoral TFEC
Share of bioenergy in renewable energy in sub-sectoral TFEC

Source: See endnote 131 for this module.

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Food and Tobacco

Values in 2021 Food and Tobacco
Share of sub-sector in industry TFEC 6.4%
Share of electricity in sub-sectoral TFEC
Share of renewable energy in sub-sectoral TFEC
Share of bioenergy in renewable energy in sub-sectoral TFEC

Source: See endnote 138 for this module.

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The food and tobacco industries require process heat temperatures mainly between 60°C and 200°C, with most food and beverage processing occurring below 130°C (for pasteurisation, cleaning and drying). 139 In this context, several renewable energy technologies have the potential to quickly replace fossil fuels.

The food and tobacco and paper and pulp industries heavily rely on their own waste for electricity generation and for heating processes of up to 200°C.

Solar thermal heating is another existing solution that is well adapted to low and medium-temperature processes (See Industry Investment Section.)

Examples of biogas use in industry are found mainly in the food sector, where several leading manufacturers operate anaerobic digestion facilities to generate heat and electricity for factories. In Germany, sugar manufacturer Pfeifer & Langen transitioned from coal-fired boilers to biomass, which will enable the company to use discards from the sugar process for heat production. 140

Technologies for electrifying low-process heat are increasingly common, particularly heat pumps powered by renewable electricity. 141 In Israel, developer Tigi Solar deployed a 780 kilowatt (kW) heat pump for the food industry firm Of Galil Ltd., using waste heat as input. 142 The Mars chocolate factory in Veghel, the Netherlands installed a 1,400 kW heat pump that harvests waste heat to maintain molten chocolate and syrup storage. 143 To increase its energy self-sufficiency, Madi, a meat processing company in Bosnia and Herzegovina, deployed solar PV panels that will provide 1,147 megawatt-hours of electricity annually to cover the plant's operations. 144

Footnotes

i ETES technologies use electricity to produce heat and then store it in a heat storage medium such as Bricks. The systems can charge when electricity is cheapest or when there is excess renewable electricity production.

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