RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewables in Energy Demand

2024

Policy and Targets

Policy action to boost the uptake of renewable heating and cooling in buildings typically includes national targets (such as pursuing a defined share of renewable heating and cooling by a certain date) or specific support policies, such as financial incentives or regulations. 12 At the international level, the Buildings Breakthrough Initiative was launched in 2023 to catalyse action on the decarbonisation of buildings. 13 (See Box 2.)

In 2023, 5 countries (mainly in the EU) adopted new or updated renewable energy targets in the buildings sector, bringing the total number of countries with such targets to 16. 14 The EU's new Renewable Energy Directive includes an indicative target for at least 49% of energy consumption in buildings to come from renewable sources by 2030. 15 Portugal set a target for 97-98% renewables in the total final energy consumption of the buildings sector by 2050 (depending on the building type), with interim 2030 targets of 57% for residential buildings and 78% for non-residential buildings. 16 Latvia and Slovenia set targets for 68% and 66% renewables in buildings, respectively. 17

In China, the government has set a target of 8% renewables in the total energy consumption of urban buildings by 2025. 18 In 2023, the Chinese National Energy Administration issued a call for rural counties to participate in an energy transition programme that sets a target of 30% renewables in the total final energy consumption of rural buildings. 19

With regard to renewable energy targets for heating, the EU aims to increase the share of renewables used in heating and cooling by 0.8% annually to 2026 and 1.1% annually to 2030. 20 In 2023, several EU Member States submitted draft updates of their energy and climate plans, adopting new 2030 targets for the renewable share of heating in the buildings sector – including Latvia (68%), Cyprus (47.9%), Slovenia (66%) and Italy (42.5%). 21 A few countries have targeted the uptake of renewables in district heating, including Denmark (85% by 2030) and Croatia (1.3% annual increase to 2030). 22

By the end of 2023, at least 30 countries had regulatory policies for the use of renewables in buildings

Heat roadmaps are increasingly being developed to analyse current energy sources, infrastructure, and emissions, and to chart a course to decarbonisation through renewables. These plans aim to guide policy development, foster collaboration and encourage investments. 23 Key strategies in heat roadmaps include promoting the uptake of renewables, such as geothermal, solar thermal and biomass; promoting efficiency; encouraging the deployment of heat pumps; using waste heat; building and improving district heating networks; and developing smart grids that can flexibly combine heat and power infrastructure. 24 The Heat Roadmap Europe initiative has developed strategies for 14 countries i . 25

By the end of 2023, at least 30 countries had regulatory policies for the use of renewables in buildings. 26 (See Figure 14.) These include policies that set building performance standards, mandate clean technology deployment or electrification, and restrict the use of fossil fuels.

Fiscal and financial incentives have remained popular policies to advance renewable energy uptake in the buildings sector. These can include tax incentives – such as credits and deductions for the installation of renewable energy technologies – as well as grants, rebates, and direct subsidies, which lower the upfront costs and increase the attractiveness of renewable energy projects. As of 2023, 18 countries had fiscal and financial incentives in place for the deployment of renewables in the buildings sector. 27 For example, Japan launched a new mortgage scheme in 2023, Flat35, to provide lower interest rates for sustainable homes. 28

District heating continued to receive policy attention. District heating policies can lead to the increased adoption of renewables – including geothermal, solar thermal and biogas – in heating systems. 29 The United Kingdom issued an Energy Security Bill that includes regulations and zoning for heat networks, with a focus on decarbonising the existing network through the use of renewables. 30 The country awarded USD 488 million (GBP 388 million) for a Green Heat Network fund, which disbursed its first allocations in early 2023. 31 Denmark put in place subsidies totalling USD 3.5 million (DKK 24 million) for decarbonising district heating. 32 The EU is funding a USD 1.3 billion (EUR 1.2 billion) scheme in the Czech Republic to promote green district heating, with an emphasis on renewables. 33 Although no new district cooling policies were enacted in 2023, such policies have been in place for a few years, including in the Persian Gulf countries and Southeast Asia. 34

FIGURE 14.Regulatory Policies in Buildings, by Building Type, as of End-2022

FIGURE 14.

Source: See endnote 23 for this module.

Policies for increasing on-site and distributed renewable energy generation in buildings also continued to develop, especially for rooftop solar systems (PV and thermal). Türkiye introduced new incentives for rooftop solar power, including net metering for homeowners. 35 Greece is providing grants for households to purchase and install rooftop PV systems at up to 76% of the cost. 36 Bulgaria launched a household solar rebate scheme for PV and thermal systems, totalling USD 133 million (BGN 240 million). 37 India announced a new rooftop PV subsidy scheme for 10 million households and extended its previous solar subsidy scheme to 2026. 38 Kenya updated its draft regulations for solar water heaters, making it mandatory to install the units on all residential and commercial buildings, schools and health centres. 39

Building energy codes and net zero energy codes typically include provisions for the uptake of renewables in buildings. As of 2023, the number of building codes globally totalled 81 for residential structures and 77 for non-residential structures, with 80% of the codes being mandatory. 40 However, building codes can be challenging to implement due to complex regulations and ineffective enforcement (whether due to lack of capacity or corruption). 41 Around one-third of existing codes have not been updated since 2015 and may fall short of current best practices and standards. 42 Nonetheless, in 2022, a 3.5% improvement in the energy intensity of buildings per square metre was attributed to better building codes and fabric ii performance. 43

In 2023, Türkiye introduced regulations targeting a minimum 5% renewable energy share for all new buildings above 2,000 square metres. 44 Under the Inflation Reduction Act, the United States announced an additional USD 530 million in technical assistance competitive grants for the adoption and implementation of the latest energy codes and standards, including zero energy codes that promote decarbonisation in buildings. 45 Since January 2023, Denmark's new building regulation has mandated an annual cap on greenhouse gas emissions per unit area for new construction. 46 Germany has implemented policies to ensure that new buildings meet standards for nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEBs), focusing on high energy performance and significant use of renewables. 47 France is aligning with EU directives to transition new buildings to NZEBs, with earlier adoption required for public buildings than for private ones; this includes integrating energy performance and the use of renewables into building regulations. 48

In Canada, the federal government has committed to developing a model building code on net zero emissions by 2024. 49 At the sub-national level, the province of Nova Scotia announced stronger energy requirements in its updated building energy codes for the residential sector, and the city of Victoria mandates that all new buildings comply with the new Zero Carbon Building Code. 50 The Canada Green Building Council leads in promoting net zero energy buildings through specific certification programmes. 51

Energy efficiency policies in the buildings sector complement renewable energy policies by helping to reduce overall energy use. The more efficiently that energy services are delivered, the faster renewables can become an effective and significant contributor to buildings' final energy consumption. 52 Energy efficiency policies are widely used globally and can focus both on the building envelope itself and on the appliances used in the building.

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In 2023, Ireland allocated grants for home insulation for households living in energy poverty iii . 53 France established a green fund for the clean energy transition that supports energy efficiency measures in public buildings. 54 Bosnia and Herzegovina released an energy efficiency strategy that earmarks USD 7 million (BAM 12.6 million) for public sector buildings, and Croatia allocated USD 43 million (EUR 40 million) for energy efficiency renovations of public buildings. 55 The EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive mandates zero-emission standards for new buildings by 2030, with an emphasis on deep renovations, sustainable materials and the integration of renewables. 56

Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for appliances were in place in more than 110 countries as of 2023. 57 These covered around 90% of the global demand for space cooling and refrigeration and around half the global demand for space and water heating. 58 The United States strengthened its MEPS for central air conditioners and heat pumps. 59

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In 2023, the United Kingdom and Ireland adopted policies supporting a shift away from fossil fuel use for heating in buildings. 60 Germany enacted legislation mandating that all new heating systems use at least 65% renewable energy starting in January 2024, and that all fossil fuel heating systems be replaced by 2045. 61

Switzerland's new 2050 Heat Strategy focuses on eliminating all fossil fuel use to heat buildings and replacing it with renewables by 2050. 62 Austria banned gas boilers in new buildings. 63 France banned oil and coal heaters starting in 2022, and gas boilers starting in 2024, although it later backpedalled on gas boilers – again allowing them, but removing related subsidies. 64 At the sub-national level, New York became the first US state to ban gas stoves and furnaces for most new buildings. 65

Footnotes

i The initiative has produced detailed reports for countries including Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. These roadmaps are based on scenario analyses and offer insights into the potential for energy efficiency improvements and the adoption of district energy systems, among other solutions.

ii The building fabric is the components and materials that the building itself is made of, such as the walls, floors, roof, windows and doors.

iii Energy poverty is defined as the lack of access to modern and efficient energy services, including clean technologies and fuels for cooking and electricity, which are crucial for a healthy and sustainable quality of life.

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  2. Figure 11 from International Energy Agency, World Energy Statistics Database, 2023, www.iea.org/statistics, all rights reserved, as modified by the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21). 2
  3. International Energy Agency, World Energy Statistics Database, 2023, www.iea.org/statistics, all rights reserved, as modified by the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21). 3
  4. Figure 12 from International Energy Agency, World Energy Statistics Database, 2023, www.iea.org/statistics, all rights reserved, as modified by the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21). 4
  5. International Energy Agency, World Energy Statistics Database, 2023, www.iea.org/statistics, all rights reserved, as modified by the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21). 5
  6. International Energy Agency, “Renewables 2023: Analysis and Forecast to 2028”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/96d66a8b-d502-476b-ba94-54ffda84cf72/Renewables_2023.pdf. 6
  7. International Energy Agency, “Space Cooling”, accessed 6 May 2024, https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/space-cooling. 7
  8. Box 1 from the following sources: three to five times from International Energy Agency (IEA), “The Future of Heat Pumps”, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1787/2bd71107-en; new policies from Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), “REN 21 Database”, 2023; Estonia from IEA, “EUR 80 Million for Apartment Buildings Retrofits – Policies”, 9 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17146-eur-80-million-for-apartment-buildings-retrofits; Ireland from IEA, “Support Scheme for Renewable Heat – Expanded Grants – Policies”, 11 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17361-support-scheme-for-renewable-heat-expanded-grants; Poland from IEA, “2023 Clean Air Programme Extension – Policies”, 20 April 2024, https://www.iea.org/policies/17230-2023-clean-air-programme-extension; Emiliano Bellini, “Slovakia Offers $156.1 Million for 2023 Residential PV, Heat Pump Rebates”, pv magazine International, 13 July 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/07/13/slovakia-offers-156-1-million-for-2023-residential-pv-heat-pump-rebates. Figure 13 from IEA, “Heating – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/heating.8
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  105. Werner Weiss and Monika Spörk-Dür, “Solar Heat Worldwide Edition 2023”, International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, 2023, https://www.iea-shc.org/Data/Sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2023.pdf. 105
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  111. Meticulous Market Research Pvt Ltd, “Southeast Asia Air Conditioners Market to Be Worth $8.66 Billion by 2030”, GlobeNewswire News Room, 28 August 2023, https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2023/08/28/2732630/0/en/Southeast-Asia-Air-Conditioners-Market-to-be-Worth-8-66-Billion-by-2030-Exclusive-Report-by-Meticulous-Research.html. 111
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  115. Snapshot: Africa from the following sources: Ayat Soliman and Saroj Kumar Jha, “Closing the Access Gap for Water and Sanitation in Eastern and Southern Africa: Raising the Ambition”, World Bank, 27 March 2023, https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/water/closing-access-gap-water-and-sanitation-eastern-and-southern-africa-raising-ambition; World Health Organization, “Electricity in Health-Care Facilities”, 31 August 2023, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/electricity-in-health-care-facilities; Sustainable Energy for All, “1 in 7 People Globally Currently at High Risk Due to Lack of Access to Cooling”, 17 May 2022, https://www.seforall.org/press-releases/1-in-7-people-globally-currently-at-high-risk-due-to-lack-of-access-to-cooling; International Energy Agency, “Africa Energy Outlook 2022”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2022; SophiA, “Sustainable Off-Grid Solutions for Pharmacies and Hospitals in Africa”, 21 March 2024, https://sophia4africa.eu; SophiA, “SophiA Solar Cooling Container”, accessed May 2024, https://sophia4africa.eu/sophia-solar-cooling; SophiA, “SophiA Solar Water Container”, accessed May 2024, https://sophia4africa.eu/sophia-solar-water-container; GEA, “What Are Natural Refrigerants?” accessed May 2024, https://www.gea.com/en/campaigns/natural-refrigerants/natural-refrigerants-climate-neutral; Institute for Energy Research, “Environmental Impacts of Lithium-Ion Batteries”, Institute for Energy Research, 11 May 2023, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/renewable/environmental-impacts-of-lithium-ion-batteries; Oliver Schmid, Hochschule Karlsruhe, personal communication with REN21, 16 April 2024; SophiA, “Solar Technologies”, accessed April 2024, https://sophia4africa.eu/solar-technologies.115