RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewables in Transport

2024

Policy and Targets

Governments worldwide are implementing diverse policies to bolster the integration of renewables across the transport sector, aiming to reduce carbon emissions and dependency on fossil fuels. Initiatives include the promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) powered by renewable sources, and the encouragement of biofuel use, including ethanol and biodiesel, in conventional internal combustion engines. Standards and certifications for the environmental sustainability of biofuels also are getting policy attention.

Governments have employed a variety of policy instruments – including targets, fiscal incentives such as tax rebates and grants, financial support mechanisms and blending mandates – to encourage the use of renewables in transport. However, rail, aviation and shipping have seen less policy-driven support.

As of 2023, 49 countries had enacted renewable energy targets specifically for the transport sector. 23 The European Union's (EU) New Renewable Energy Directive, adopted in October 2023, includes the choice for Member States between a binding target of a 14.5% reduction in greenhouse gas intensity in transport from the use of renewables by 2030, or a binding share of at least 29% renewables in the sector's final energy consumption by 2030. 24

As EU Member States updated their National Energy and Climate Plans, they also revised their targets for the renewable share in transport for 2030. The highest targeted shares are in Spain (78%), Denmark (41%), and Finland (51%), followed by Italy (30.7%), Germany (30%), Hungary (30%), Romania (29.8%), Greece (29%), the Netherlands (28%), Slovenia (26%), Portugal (23%), Croatia (21.6%), the Czech Republic (19%), Luxembourg (18%), Lithuania (15%), Ireland (14.9%), the Slovak Republic (14.7%), Cyprus (14.6%) and Estonia (14%). 25

Road Transport

Governments around the world are actively shaping the renewable energy policy landscape for road transport. This includes a substantial focus on biofuel blending mandates, which have experienced varying levels of adjustment across countries. Concurrently, electric vehicles benefit from increasingly robust policies that encourage their uptake. These efforts are complemented by various strategies such as vehicle-to-grid projects and financial incentives aimed at boosting EV infrastructure and adoption. Other policies, such as bans on fossil fuel cars, indirectly support the uptake of renewables.

In 2023, 10 countries introduced new or revised biofuel blending mandates, bringing the total to 60, with trends moving in different directions depending on the country (See Figure 17.). 26 The United States slightly raised its biofuel mandates for a three-year period. 27 South Africa increased its requirement to 5% biodiesel blended with low-sulphur diesel. 28 In Asia, Indonesia upped its biofuel blending mandate for 2030 from 30% to 35%, Malaysia increased its 2030 blending mandate from 20% to 30%, and India announced a phased mandatory blending of biogas with compressed natural gas for transport. 29 Brazil increased its mandatory biodiesel blend from 13% to 14% as of March 2024. 30

FIGURE 17.National and Sub-National Renewable Biofuel Mandates and Targets, end-2023

FIGURE 17.

Notes: Advanced biofules or second-generation biofuels are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of non-food biomass. Shading shows countries, and states/provinces with mandates for either bodiesel, ethanol or both. Some countries have temporarily reduced or removed their biofuel mandates in 2022. Countries with temporarily suspended mandates are excluded from this figure. Number of countries with targets is not comparable to previous years because of improved methodology. Countries with target years prior to 2023 are excliuded from this figure as they are considered expired.

Source: REN21 Policy Database. See endnote 26 for this module.

Sweden, in contrast, continued a countertrend from 2022, reducing its blending mandate in response to the ongoing cost-of-living crisis. 31 During the G20 meeting in India in 2023, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India, Italy, South Africa and the United States became the first members of the newly created Global Biofuel Alliance, whose objective is to promote the use and development of biofuels globally. 32

Targets promoting electric vehicles continued to lead in road transport, with a total of 74 countries with such targets by the end of 2023 (See Figure 18.). Additionally, at least 18 countries announced new policies supporting EV uptake in 2023. 33 The global surge in EV adoption marked a pivotal shift in the sector, driven by comprehensive policies implemented in recent years. This upward trend is assisted by the recognition that electrifying transport is a key strategy for integrating more renewables into the economy. Although most policies focus on passenger cars, many national, state and local governments also support the adoption of electric buses, bikes and commercial vehicles.

To effectively expand the penetration of renewables in transport, EV policies need to be analysed conjointly with nationwide renewable energy targets and policies. For example, many countries are experimenting with vehicle-to-grid projects, which are especially relevant to renewable energy uptake when the national grid includes high shares of renewables. China announced new rules to integrate EVs with the grid, including incentives to charge the vehicles during off-peak hours and then sell the stored power back to the grid during times of higher demand. 34 South Australia is trialling a similar vehicle-to-grid effort with EV owners. 35 However, policies in this area remain scarce globally, and governments face the challenge of having to lobby EV manufacturers to remove the stipulation that use of the EV battery for vehicle-to-home or vehicle-to-grid automatically voids the car warranty. 36

FIGURE 18.Targets for Renewable Power and Electric Vehicles, end-2023

FIGURE 18.

Notes: Renewable power targets include only targets for a specific share of electricity generation by a future year. Where a jurisdiction has multiple targets, the highest target is shown. Nepal and Quebec show actual renewable power shares; both jurisdictions along with Iceland and Norway have already achieved nearly 100% renewable power. Clean power and non official EV and power targets are not included in this figure. For example, Costa Rica has an aspirational power target of 100% renewbale power by 2030, Canada an unofficial target of 90% by 2030 and Brazil an intended renewable power target of 23% by 2030 excluding hydropower. The United States does not have a national renewable electricity target. De facto state-level targets have been set through RPS policies. Some countries have targeted ICE bans for public transportation or a target of 100% EV buses in their fleet, these are cosididered full bans in the scope of this figure and are marked to differenciate from other full bans. Hungary have a target for 90% carbon-neutral power generation by 2030. Nepal and Quebec do not have renewable power targets; the values in the table are actual renewable power shares (close to 100%). Iceland and Norway have already achieved 100% renewable power. Russian Federation power target includes large hydropower. The target excluding large hydro is 4.5% by 2024. The EU has a regional ban on new sales of fossil fuel cars from 2035. For countries with targets or policies in multiple unspecified sub-national jurisdictions, the whole country is shaded in stripes, this is based on IEA EV data.

Source: REN21 Policy Databse. See endnote 33

During 2023, 6 countries announced new national targets to promote EVs and to support related private sector initiatives. Ireland set a target for 100% of new vehicles sold to be zero-emission by 2030, and for 35% of registrations of heavy-duty vehicles to be zero-emission. 37 Australia released a National Electric Vehicle Strategy and a National Battery Strategy. 38 Morocco announced a budget of USD 2.24 billion (MAD 22.5 billion) for electric mobility, including support for local manufacturing capacity, charging stations and e-mobility for public transport. 39 Brazil released a new National Green Mobility and Innovation Program (Mover) aimed at decarbonising the country's vehicle fleet by providing tax incentives and putting in place new standards. 40 Some countries also have focused on two- and three-wheelers, with India and Pakistan both having set a target specifically for these vehicles as of 2023. 41 Although electric two- and three-wheelers are increasingly being used across Africa and South East Asia, few specific policy frameworks have been put in place. 42

Fiscal and financial incentives – including grants, rebates, and tax reductions or exemptions – have been popular measures to support EV uptake. In 2023, France renewed its consumer subsidy scheme for EV purchases. 43 Poland is providing subsidies for up to 90% of the cost of 79 different EV models as well as for charge points in national parks. 44 Estonia is distributing grants to individuals and companies for the purchase of electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and electric cargo bikes. 45 Meanwhile, rebates for electric bikes are available in nearly all US states, with most of the rebates established in 2023. 46

The Republic of Korea provides grants for purchases of electric buses and commercial EVs, and Cyprus offers grants for the purchase of electric cars, two- and three- wheelers, and buses. 47 Austria provides several financial incentives, including grants and tax reductions, for electric cars and two- and three-wheelers. 48 Indonesia enabled a reduction in value-added tax (VAT) on EV batteries for 2023, and Malaysia included in its 2023 budget tax incentives for companies renting EVs. 49 Denmark introduced a tax reimbursement for EV purchases and removed the tax on charging stations at workplaces. 50 The United States implemented tax credits for commercial EVs as well as heavy-duty vehicles. 51 Some countries have issued road tax exemptions for EVs. 52

At the sub-national level, the US state of California adopted new zero-emission vehicle mandates, targeting a 100% sales share for cars and trucks by 2035 and for heavy-duty vehicles by 2042. 53 The Indian state of Tamil Nadu set a target for 30% of all operating buses to be electric by 2030. 54 In China, the provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong, Shanghai and Shanxi set targets for 40% EV shares among all vehicle fleets. 55 At the city level, New York in the United States received USD 77 million in grants for electric school buses and trucks. 56 India introduced a new electric bus grant programme in 2023 targeting 10,000 buses in 169 cities as well as the charging technology. 57

Some countries scaled back support for EVs in 2023. Iceland reduced its annual VAT incentive for EV purchases, citing the measure's success and the reduced need for policy intervention in the EV market. 58 Germany ended subsidies for new purchases of electric passenger cars. 59

Bans on internal combustion vehicles provide indirect policy support for renewable energy, although they can be challenging to implement. In 2022, the EU approved a ban on internal combustion engine vehicles by 2035 but had to lower its ambition by allowing a loophole permitting the vehicles to be sold provided they are able to use exclusively e-fuels. 60 The United Kingdom pushed back a similar ban from 2030 to 2035. 61 In contrast, Norway is on track to reach its goal of having 100% of new cars sold by 2025 be electric or hydrogen; it is now moving to ban the sale of trucks with internal combustion engines. 62 Ethiopia announced a ban on imports of non-electric vehicles as of 2024. 63

34 countries had enacted renewable energy targets specifically for the transport sector as of 2023.

Similar policy successes occurred at the state and municipal levels in 2023. Amsterdam (Netherlands) will ban most internal combustion engine vehicles (taxis, vans, trucks, scooters and mopeds) by 2025, with the exception of passenger cars, which will be banned by 2030. 64 Stockholm (Sweden) introduced a ban on petrol and diesel cars in the city centre that will enter into force at the end of 2024. 65 The US state of New Jersey is banning the sale of new petrol-powered vehicles by 2035. 66

Policies promoting the use of renewable hydrogen for road transport are usually embedded in national hydrogen policies. Estonia allocated close to USD 54 million (EUR 50 million) in subsidies for the creation of a renewable energy hydrogen value chain for the transport sector, among others. 67 France is providing an ecological bonus for the purchase of hydrogen-based vehicles. 68

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Aviation, Rail and Shipping

Efforts to integrate renewables into aviation, rail and shipping have increased. However, policies remain in the early stages and still face obstacles towards being politically acceptable. As of 2023, 10 countries had announced renewable energy policies in these sub-sectors (7 for aviation, 2 for rail and 2 for shipping). 69

For rail transport i , electricity is the energy source of choice, although hydrogen also has received some policy attention. In 2023, Italy allocated USD 326 million (EUR 300 million) for the development of a railway system powered by renewable hydrogen, including to support hydrogen production plants and the purchase of hydrogen-powered trains. 70 To compensate for high electricity prices, Germany announced a USD 1.2 billion (EUR 1.1 billion) support scheme subsidising the electricity bills of freight and passenger rail operators that use electric traction ii . 71

7 countries introduced targets for sustainable aviation fuel in 2023.

In the area of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), the EU's ReFuelEU legislation established a mandate to use 2% SAF in all planes at EU airports by 2025 and 5% by 2030, increasing to 70% by 2070. 72 The United Arab Emirates announced a 1% SAF blending target by 2031 and aims to be a major SAF exporter by 2050. 73 The United Kingdom allocated USD 208 million (GBP 165 million) for SAF production, and in the United States SAF gained substantial support through the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and related rules published in 2023. 74 Sweden provided USD 1.4 million (SEK 15 million) for research and development of electric aircraft. 75 Brazil's new Fuel of the Future Program mandates airlines to progressively blend a minimum of 1% SAF in 2027, rising to a minimum of 10% by 2037. 76

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For marine shipping, Singapore is tightening its regulation for suppliers of bunker fuel to issue a proof of sustainability for all biofuel sourced. 77 The EU adopted the FuelEU maritime initiative to decarbonise the maritime sector through fuel provision, including biofuels. 78 The EU's 2023 Renewable Energy Directive places a focus on Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin (RFNBOs) iii , setting a binding target of 1.2% RFNBOs for shipping by 2030. 79 Meanwhile, the number of green shipping corridor iv initiatives more than doubled from 21 in 2022 to 44 in 2023. 80 Several new corridors were announced at the 2023 United Nations Climate Conference in Dubai, United Arab Emirates – including corridors between Canada, the Republic of Korea and Japan; between the United States and Belgium; and in the Caribbean. 81

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Footnotes

i These policies include diverse types of incentives such as taxes, subsidies, grants and plans/strategies; they also include incentives for “production” of fuels.

ii Electric traction is the use of electric motors to power the wheels of vehicles, commonly found in rail transport systems, allowing for efficient and often cleaner propulsion compared to conventional internal combustion engines.

iii RFNBOs is a broad term for all renewable gaseous and liquid fuels not derived from biomass. The primary method for creating these fuels involves using electrolysis, powered by renewable electricity, to generate hydrogen. This hydrogen can then be mixed with substances like nitrogen to create ammonia or with carbon to produce different synthetic hydrocarbons, such as e-methanol, e-kerosene, e-diesel, and e-petrol, also known as power-to-liquids (PtL).

iv Green shipping corridors are specific maritime routes for the use of low-emission or zero-emission vessels, aimed at reducing the environmental impact of the shipping industry and fostering the transition to cleaner energy sources.

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