ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REN21 DATA AND KNOWLEDGE TEAM Jad Baba Ana Díaz Vidal Erin Hampton Janne Luise Piper Andrea Wainer Glen Wright Hend Yaqoob SPECIAL ADVISORS Janet L. Sawin Freyr Sverrisson CHAPTER AUTHORS Jad Baba Hind Couzin Ana Díaz Vidal Lydia El Bouazzati Kristin Seyboth Marion Vieweg Glen Wright Hend Yaqoob LEAD TOPICAL CONTRIBUTORS Andrew Allee (Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI)) Lucie Anderton (International Union of Railways (UIC)) Baerbel Epp (Solrico) James Hosch (Assured Renewables) Jordan Macknick (National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)) Andries Malherbe (Zero Carbon Charge) Miguel Sanchez Martinez (International Labour Organization (ILO)) Oliver Schmid (Hochschule Karlsruhe) Ayodeji Ojo (Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI)) Werner Weiss (AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies) RESEARCH ANDPROJECT SUPPORT Nicolas Achury Talia Contreras-Tapia EDITING, DESIGN AND LAYOUT Lisa Mastny (Editor) weeks.de Werbeagentur GmbH (Design) PRODUCTION ANDCOMMUNICATION REN21 Secretariat, Paris, France OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Mohammed Abdalghafoor (Sustainable Development Solutions Network); Ibrahim Abdulwahab (University of Ilorin); Mahmoud Abou Elenen (GE); Hassan Aboughalma (Georenco); Damilola Adeyanju (The Climate Group); Alexander Olatunde Akolo (University of Ibadan); Omar V. Al Sherif (World Bank); Soumeya Amroune (Ministry of Environment and Renewable Energies Algeria); Lucie Anderton (International Union of Railways); Genevivie Ankunda (SLOCAT Partnership on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport); Nana Serwaa Antwi (Polytechnic University of Milan); Patrick Atouda Beyala (SOAS University of London); Ricardo Baitelo (Institute of Energy and Environment–IEMA); Faiz Bhutta (Energy Training and Research Center); Emanuele Bianco (International Renewable Energy Agency–IRENA); Gonzalo Bravo (Bariloche Foundation); Kirstin Bretthauer (German Agency for International Cooperation–GIZ); Bernardo Joel Carrillo Castillo (Stemy Energy); Xixi Chen (World Resources Institute); Sreenivas Chigullapalli (India Climate Collaborative); Isaac Chiridza (Ministry of Energy and Power Development Zimbabwe); Suani Coelho (University of São Paulo); Lanvin Concessao (World Resources Institute India); Penny-Jane Cooke (Power for All); Evaldo Costa (Centre for the Study of Socioeconomic Change and the Territory, University Institute of Lisbon–ISCTE-IUL); Penelope Crossley (University of Sydney Law School); Giles Dearden (Natural Power); Pedro Dias (Solar Heat Europe); Kamal Djemouai (Independent consultant); Henrique Duarte (Portuguese Renewable Energy Association–APREN); Wemogar Elijah Borweh (University of Liberia); Yasemin Erboy Ruff (CLASP); Abdullah Fahad (IRENA); Thomas Fees (Inti Tech Solar); Malithi Fernando (International Transport Forum); Jacob Frandsen (Heliac); Ankita Gangotra (World Resources Institute); Shirish Shrikrishna Garud (The Energy and Resources Institute); Duncan Gibb (Energy Scout); Debbie Gray (International Hydropower Association); Ahmed Hamza H. Ali (Assiut University); Diala Hawila (IRENA); Pete Hemingway (United Nations Industrial Development Organization–UNIDO); Nelson Hernandez (Independent consultat); Gabriela Hernández-Luna (Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas); Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes (European Renewable Energies Federation); Izreal Holmes (Independent consultant; Joo Hyun Ha (International Union of Railways); Kamil Kaygusuz (Karadeniz Technical University); Peter Konings (Asia-Pacific Energy Group); Felix Kriedemann (REScoop.eu); Martin Kueppers (International Energy Agency); Deepak Kumar (State University of New York at Albany); Dheeraj Kumar Gupta (World Resources Institute India); Bharadwaj Kummamuru (World Bioenergy Association); Maryse Labriet (Eneris Consultants); Oliver Lah (UN-Habitat Collaborating Center); Alejandra Leon (World Bioenergy Association); Kevin Li (CarbonCare InnoLab); Yaya Liu (World Bank); Detlef Loy (Loy Energy Consulting); Meriem Madi (Renewables in Agriculture); Evi Makri (National Technical University of Athens); Jaideep N. Malaviya (International Solar Energy Society); Lionel Mbanda (North China Electric Power University); Nikola Medimorec (SLOCAT); Jonathan Mhango (Independent consultant); Leopoldo Micò (Solar Heat Europe / European Solar Thermal Industry Federation); Golnoosh Mir Moghtadaei (Enertime); Ekta Mishra (Patil Institute of Technology); Sabatha Mthwecu (Solar Rais); Mweetwa Mundia Sikamikami (TRiM BITPoP Engineering); Hannah E. Murdock (Imperial College London); Abubakar Musa Magaga (Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology); Namiz Musafer (Integrated Development Association–IDeA); Paul Nduhuura (Makerere University Business School); Tuan Nguyen (RINA Consulting); Jesse Nyokabi (Quaise Energy Africa); Alexander Olatunde (University of Ibadan); Vinicius Oliveira da Silva (Institute for Energy and Environment); Warren Ondanje (Africa E-Mobility Alliance); Victor Thomas Otieno (World Resources Institute); Saverio Papa (Solar Heat Europe); Giorgia Patarnello (United Nations Environment Programme); Eloi Piel (Euroheat & Power); Pascual Polo (Spanish Solar Thermal Association–ASIT); Ramesh Poluru (The INCLEN Trust International); Joana Portugal-Pereira (Coppe, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon); Luka Powanga (Regis University and Energy Africa Conference); Pallav Purohit (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis); Swasti Raizada (International Institute for Sustainable Development); Ankita Rajeshwari (WRI India); Munira Raji (Sustainable Earth Institute, University of Plymouth); Nizomiddin Rakhmanov (Independent consultant); Bard Rama (Czech Technical University); Faran Rana (IRENA); Madan B. Regmi (United Nations ESCAP); Oliver Reynolds (Global Off-Grid Lighting Association); Christoph Richter (Solarway SLNE); Juan Roberto Lozano-Maya (National Energy Control Center Mexico); Maria Ryabova (Moscow State Institute of International Relations); Tarek Safwat Kabel (University of Sadat City); Yusuf Sanni (Lumos Nigeria); Miguel Schloss (Surinvest Ltda.); Bettina Schreck (UNIDO); Ali Shahhoseini (Qazvin Islamic Azad University); Heba Sharaf (Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University); Nilkanth Shinde (UES Energy Services Pvt Ltd); Fares Shmayssani (Mines ParisTech); Aretina Stefani (University of Groningen); Anneli Stutz (GIZ); Jin Tanaka (UNISC International); Faruk Telemcioglu (Independent consultant); Hannibal Tesfahunegn (Power for All); Bronwen Thornton (Walk21 Foundation); Fouodji Toche Fabrice (VOESDA); João Tomaz (APREN); Eman Tora (ECADO Innovation); Ulric Trotz (Former Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre); Kelly Trumbull (The Nature Conservancy); Ioannis Tsipouridis (Meru University of Science and Technology); Daniel van Mosnenck (Nemorensys); Silvia Vera (Institute for Diversification and Energy Saving–IDAE); Patricia Villarroel Sáez (RtR Methodological Advisory Group); Anant Wadhwa (Sustainable Energy for All); Peter Yang (Case Western Reserve University); Noureddine Yassaa (Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Commission Algeria–CEREFE); Hameedullah Zaheb (Kabul University) This report was commissioned by REN21 and produced in collaboration with a global network of research partners. Financing was provided by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK). A large share of the research for this report was conducted on a voluntary basis.