RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

RENEWABLE ENERGY
IN ENERGY SUPPLY

2024

Global Trends

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Developments in renewable energy supply are uneven across energy carriers, regions and technologies.

536
GW renewable power capacity addedin 2023
USD billion 623
investment in renewable power and fuels in 2023
182
countries with renewable energy targets across all sectors and technologies in 2023

KEY FACTS

Global investment in and deployment of renewables reached an all-time high in 2023, despite high interest rates and higher costs of raw materials.

Globally, renewable energy supplied 30% of electricity, 10% of heat and 3.5% of fuel in 2023.

Global renewable capacity additions need to reach almost 1 terawatts (TW) per year to achieve the global target of 11 TW by 2030.

Investment in renewable energy and enabling technology manufacturing grew 70% in 2023, mainly in solar PV and batteries.

In 2023, 24 countries updated their targets for the renewable share in electricity.

Module Overview

Ongoing economic and geopolitical developments spurred extensive transformations in the global energy supply landscape in 2023, with tighter markets and an increased focus on energy security. The post-pandemic economic rebound sparked high energy demand, which strained supply chains and caused price volatility, while the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine compounded these challenges and further destabilised markets. 1 High inflation and cost of capital continued to hamper investment, particularly in developing countries with high debt burdens. 2

FIGURE 1.Increase in Energy Demand by Source, 2011-2021

FIGURE 1.

Source: See endnote 5 for this section.

Only 45% of the increase in energy demand between 2011 and 2021 was met by renewables.

Many governments have promoted renewables as an affordable and secure source of energy to stabilise supply and mitigate inflation. Policy packages such as the US Inflation Reduction Act and the European Union's (EU) REPowerEU are aimed at boosting domestic manufacturing and deployment.

Direct subsidies to fossil fuels totalled around USD 600 billion in 2023, still above 2021 levels but below the all-time high of more than USD 1 trillion during the global energy crisis in 2022. 3 Many countries have moved to phase out fossil-fuelled heating systems and internal combustion engines, and there is increasing momentum to ban fossil fuels altogether and to redirect subsidies towards renewables. 4

Renewable Electricity is driving the Shift in Energy Supply

Between 2011 and 2021, total energy demand increased by 39 exajoules (EJ); fossil fuels and traditional biomass covered 53% of the increase while modern renewables covered only 45%. 5 (See Figure 1.)

In 2021, nearly half of the world's total final energy consumption was in the form of direct heat, followed by fuels (including liquid and gaseous fuels for transport), with a 29% share. 6 (See Figure 2.)

FIGURE 2.Total Final Energy Consumption and Share of Modern Renewables, by Energy Carrier, 2021

FIGURE 2.

Source: Based on IEA. See endnote 6 for this section.

The proportion of electricity (also used for heat and transport) in the global energy supply has been rising consistently – reaching 23% in 2021, up from 19% in 2011 – with increasing dependence on electricity to meet demand across all sectors. 7 The renewable share in electricity generation increased marginally from 29.4% in 2022 to 30.3% in 2023, although this mostly covered the increase in electricity demand rather than replacing fossil fuels. 8 (See Figure 3.)

Installed renewable power capacity continued to grow, particularly wind and solar power, driven by policy support and investment that reached a record high of USD 622.5 billion in 2023 (up 8.1% from 2022). 9 The majority (86%) of power capacity additions during the year were renewable, with record additions in solar photovoltaics (PV) (407 gigawatts, GW) and wind power (117 GW), which together accounted for 98% of renewable capacity additions. 10 Capacity growth in 2023 was driven largely by China (solar PV and wind power), as well as by the United States and the EU (solar PV), and India and Brazil (solar PV and wind power). 11

Renewable electrcity generation has grown an average of 5.4% per year over the last decade

Progress in renewable heat has been comparatively slower, with the share of modern renewables (excluding traditional biomass i ) in the heat supply increasing moderately from 8.9% in 2011 to 11.6% in 2021. 12 (See Figure 4.) Modern bioenergy remained the dominant source of renewable heat, supplying 7.9%, while solar thermal and geothermal direct heat contributed 1.4%; the remaining 2.4% was supplied by renewable electricity. 13

Biofuels accounted for almost all renewable fuels. Renewable hydrogen has been seen as a potential game-changer for decarbonising energy-intensive sectors, and in 2023 the number of electrolysis plants grew rapidly to total around 1.1 GW of capacity, up from 700 megawatts (MW) in 2022. 14 However, more than 99% of current hydrogen production is still based on fossil fuels. 15

FIGURE 3.Electricity Generation by Energy Source, 2014-2023

FIGURE 3.

Source: Ember. See endnote 8 for this section.

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Regional Disparities in the Energy Transition

Regional developments in renewables remained highly unequal in 2023, with technological advances and investments occurring mainly in China, the EU and the United States. 16 These regions saw significant investments in solar PV and wind power as well as energy storage, backed by substantial policy support and financial incentives. China maintained the global lead in renewable energy investments, accounting for 44% of the total in 2023, followed by Europe (20.9%) and the United States (15%). 17 Africa and the Middle East together represented only 3.6% of investment in renewables. 18

China led all regions for investment in renewables, accounting for 44% of total global investment in 2023.

In the renewable heat sector, modern bioenergy produced 1.3 EJ of derived heat in 2021, a 9% increase from 2020; solid biomass (wood chips, pellets, etc.) comprised more than half of the total, followed by waste-to-energy (43%) and biogas (only 4%). 19 The solar heat market contracted 7.2% globally, to reach a newly installed capacity of an estimated 21 gigawatts-thermal (GWth). 20 China accounted for around 65% of global sales of solar water collectors (for heating), followed by India, Brazil, Türkiye and the United States. 21 China was the world's fastest growing market for geothermal heat, with key markets also in Türkiye, Iceland and Japan; together, these four countries accounted for nearly 90% of global geothermal direct use in 2023. 22 A total of 0.1 GW of geothermal power capacity was added in 2023. 23

For renewable fuels, the United States supplied 40% of the world's biofuels in 2022 (latest available data), followed by Brazil (21%) and Indonesia (6.2%). 24 Germany contributed 2.8% of the world's supply, ranking it among the top five producers and as the European leader. 25 Europe, the Americas and Oceania have emerged as leaders in low-carbon i hydrogen production, accounting for more than 80% of the annual total of around 45 million tonnes of announced volumes. 26 China, India and the Middle East showed the highest relative growth in announced low-carbon hydrogen production to 2030. 27 Global growth in renewable hydrogen announcements to 2030 (more than 6.5 million tonnes annually) greatly outpaced low-carbon ii hydrogen announcements (around 0.4 million tonnes annually). 28 The stronger growth in renewable hydrogen announcements is linked to a greater regulatory focus on renewable hydrogen and to the larger number of regions with attractive resources for production. 29

Latin America and the Caribbean had the highest regional share of renewables in the electricity mix in 2023, at 62% (up from 52% a decade earlier). 30 (See Figure 5.) Hydropower continued to dominate the region's electricity supply, contributing 43.2% of total generation and 69.8% of renewable generation. 31 Renewable electricity generation in Latin America and the Caribbean grew 5%. 32

FIGURE 4.Share of Renewable Heat Production by Energy Source, 2011 and 2021

FIGURE 4.

Source: IEA. See endnote 12 for this section.

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In Oceania, the share of renewables in the electricity mix rose to 43% in 2023 (up from 23% in 2013), due largely to developments in Australia, where renewable electricity generation grew 9% in 2023 alone. 33 This increase is attributed mainly to growth in the combined share of solar PV and wind energy, which rose from 5% to 25% in the region during the decade. 34

Overall, the global renewable power sector experienced notable growth in 2023, marked by a 54% increase in renewable power capacity additions, reaching 536 GW. 35 Solar PV alone accounted for more than three-quarters of the additions. 36 (See Figure 6.) Significant contributions came from Europe, the United States, Brazil and particularly China. 37 (See Figure 7.)

Despite advancements, the renewables sector faced challenges from geopolitical conflicts, protectionism, and rising greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the complexity and ongoing risks in the global energy landscape. 38 Europe and the United States have sought to reduce reliance on China for renewable energy components, while many countries continue to prioritise fossil fuels for energy security. 39 The global energy transition remains uneven, marked by persistent inequality. 40 (See Table 1.)

FIGURE 5.Shares of Renewable Electricity Generation by Region, 2013 and 2023

FIGURE 5.

Source: Ember. See endnote 30 for this section.

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Global renewable power capacity additions grew 54% in 2023.

FIGURE 6.Renewable Power Total Installed Capacity and Additions, by Technology, 2023

FIGURE 6.

Note: Data is for capacity that is grid-connected and in operation.

Source: See endnote 36 for this section.

FIGURE 7.Renewable Power Capacity Additions, by Region/Country, 2023

FIGURE 7.

Note: Capacity may not exactly add up to 536 GW due to rounding.

Source: See endnote 37 for this section.

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Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania(excl. China) represented 18% of total additions despite representingover 2/3 of global population.

TABLE 1.Top 5 Countries for Renewable Energy Capacity and Additions, 2023

TABLE 1.

Notes: Per capita renewable power capacity (not including hydropower) ranking based on IRENA and IHA and on 2022 population data from the World Bank. Solar water heating collector ranking for total capacity is for year-end 2023 and is based on capacity of water (glazed and unglazed) collectors only. Data from International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme. The number in brackets represents the change from the 2022 ranking. Rankings for 2022 have been updated with the latest capacity data and may be different from the tables in GSR 2023.

Source: See endnote 40 for this section.

Renewable Energy Manufacturing

Investment in global manufacturing of renewable energy and enabling technologies grew 70% in 2023 to reach nearly USD 200 billion. 41 Solar PV and battery manufacturing installations dominated investments, together representing 95% of the total. 42 China accounted for three-quarters of global investment in renewable and enabling technologies, down from 85% in 2022, as investments in the United States and Europe grew strongly (especially for battery manufacturing). 43 (See Figure 8.)

Investment in other clean energy technologies – wind, heat pumps and electrolysers – accounted for a much smaller fraction of total investment, at around 7% in 2022 and 4% in 2023. 44 Investment in wind energy manufacturing, including in nacelle, blade, and tower production facilities, fell slightly in absolute terms in 2023. 45 China accounted for virtually all of the investment in wind manufacturing facilities. 46 For electrolyser and heat pump manufacturing, the EU and the United States together accounted for a larger share of investment than China, with virtually no investments in manufacturing for these technologies occurring elsewhere during the year. 47

Integrating industrial and energy policies is crucial for advancing the renewable energy transition. Strengthening local manufacturing is needed to reduce import reliance and support domestic industries. Better balancing between supply and demand can help ensure more stable and efficient energy systems. This requires enhancements to grid infrastructure and the deployment of storage technologies, as well as international and regional co-ordination. 48 ( See Sidebar 1.)

FIGURE 8.Investment in Manufacturing of Renewable Energy and Enabling Technologies, 2022 and 2023

FIGURE 8.

Note: Rest of Asia comprises India, Japan, the Republic of Korea and South-East Asia.

Source: See endnote 43 for this section.

Tracking Progress towards the Global Target

At the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 28) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, governments agreed to triple renewable power capacity and double energy efficiency improvements by 2030. 49 At the current rate of capacity additions, the world will not achieve the tripling target, reaching 8,000 GW by 2030, short of the 11,000 GW of the target. 50 (See Figure 9.) As countries prepare to update their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions under the Paris Agreement, there is a window of opportunity to make clear commitments and raise ambition. 51 As of early 2023, only 14 countries had explicit renewable capacity targets for 2030 in their NDCs, and commitments across NDCs amounted to only around 1,300 GW. 52

Among major country commitments, the EU and the United States aim to be climate neutral by 2050, China by 2060 and India by 2070. 53

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FIGURE 9.Annual Additions of Renewable Power Capacity, by Technology, 2017-2023, and Yearly Additions Needed to Achieve the International Energy Agency's Net Zero Scenario by 2030

FIGURE 9.

Source: See endnote 50 for this section.

Footnotes

i Traditional biomass is solid biomass (including fuel wood, charcoal, agricultural and forest residues, and animal dung) that is used in rural areas of developing countries with traditional technologies such as open fires and ovens for cooking and residential heating. Often the traditional use of biomass leads to high pollution levels, forest degradation and deforestation.

  1. International Energy Agency, "World Energy Outlook 2023", 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/42b23c45-78bc-4482-b0f9-eb826ae2da3d/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf.1
  2. International Energy Agency, "World Energy Outlook 2023", 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/42b23c45-78bc-4482-b0f9-eb826ae2da3d/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf.2
  3. International Energy Agency, “Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/59c6e72a-7cc4-403d-b521-7375114baca9/StrategiesforAffordableandFairCleanEnergyTransitions.pdf. 3
  4. International Energy Agency, “Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core. windows.netassets/59c6e72a-7cc4-403d-b521-7375114baca9/StrategiesforAffordableandFairCleanEnergyTransitions.pdf. 4
  5. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Balances”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/worldenergy-balances, all rights reserved, as modified by REN21. Figure 1 from idem.5
  6. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Balances”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/worldenergy-balances, all rights reserved, as modified by REN21. Figure 2 from idem.6
  7. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”, 2022, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2022/07/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv. 7
  8. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”, 2022, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2022/07/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv. Figure 3 from idem.8
  9. BloombergNEF, “Energy Transition Investment Trends 2024”, 2024, https://about.bnef.com/energy-transition-investment. 9
  10. Solar PV additions: Global installed solar PV capacity could be as high as 446 GW; however, due to uncertainty of ratios between alternating and direct current from official Chinese sources, 407.4 GW represents the most conservative worldwide figure. Figures and analysis henceforth are based on the more conservative assumption of 407.4 GW of capacity added in 2023. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, "Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023", 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf. Wind additions: Based on data from the following sources: Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), "Global Wind Report 2024", 2024, p. 149, https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2024; GWEC, "Global Wind Statistics 2024", unpublished document, with adjustments made for 2023 European data fromWindEurope, "Wind Energy in Europe - 2023 Statistics and the Outlook for 2024-2030", 2024, pp. 7, 10, 11, 17, https://windeurope.org/intelligence-platform/product/wind-energyin-europe-2023-statistics-and-the-outlook-for-2024-2030; updated statistics for 2023 onshore additions and year-end total in France from G. Costanzo, WindEurope, personal communication with REN21, April -May 2024; updated statistics for 2023 additions and year-end total in the United States from J. Hensley, American Clean Power, personal communication with REN21, May 2024. Global additions in 2023 were 116.6 GW (105.8 GW onshore and 10.8 GW offshore) for a year-end total of 1,020,639 MW (945,477 MW onshore and 75,162 MW offshore), from GWEC, "Global Wind Report 2024", op. cit. this note, pp. 14, 138, 139. Global additions totalled 116,065 MW in 2023 (up 12.5% over 2022 additions) for a year-end total of 1,046,781 MW, based on preliminary data from World Wind Energy Association (WWEA), "WWEA Annual Report 2023", 2024, https://wwindea.org/AnnualReport2023, and adjusted upwards based on new data for China, as provided by S. Ganger, WWEA, personal communication with REN21, 7-8 May 2024. Net additions were 116 GW (up 12.9%), based on data from International Renewable Energy Agency, "Renewable Capacity Highlights", 2024, https://prod-cd.irena.org/Publications/2024/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2024; some 107 GW was added onshore and 11 GW offshore for a total of 118 GW, from BloombergNEF, "China's GoldwindRetains Turbine Supplier Lead, as Global Wind Additions Hit New High, According to BloombergNEF", 27 March 2024, https://about.bnef.com/blog/chinas-goldwind-retainsturbine-supplier-lead-as-global-wind-additions-hit-newhigh-according-to-bloombergnef. Note that GWEC reports installations with turbines larger than 200 kW; projects with smaller turbines are not included. In addition, GWEC data include installed and grid-connected capacity only. 10
  11. PV additions in China, India and the United States from International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023,” 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf; offshore wind from Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), “Global Wind Report 2024”, 2024, pp. 14, 15, 149, https://gwec.net/globalwind-report-2024; GWEC, “Global Wind Statistics 2024”, unpublished document.11
  12. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Balances”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/worldenergy-balances, all rights reserved, as modified by REN21. Figure 4 from idem.12
  13. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Balances”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/worldenergy-balances, all rights reserved, as modified by REN21. 13
  14. Hydrogen Council, “Hydrogen Insights 2023”, December 2023, https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Hydrogen-Insights-Dec-2023-Update.pdf. 14
  15. Hydrogen Council, “Hydrogen Insights 2023”, December 2023, https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Hydrogen-Insights-Dec-2023-Update.pdf. 15
  16. Based on various sources throughout the Supply Module Market Trends section. See, for example: BloombergNEF, “Energy Transition Investment Trends 2024”, 2024, https://about.bnef.com/energy-transition-investment, and International Energy Agency, "World Energy Outlook 2023". https://origin.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023.16
  17. BloombergNEF, “Energy Transition Investment Trends 2024”, 2024, https://about.bnef.com/energy-transition-investment. 17
  18. BloombergNEF, “Energy Transition Investment Trends 2024”, 2024, https://about.bnef.com/energy-transition-investment.18
  19. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Balances”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/worldenergy-balances, all rights reserved, as modified by REN21.19
  20. Based on preliminary data for gross additions (21.04 GWth, 30.1 million m2), from W. Weiss and M. Spörk-Dür, "Solar Heat Worldwide, Global Market Development and Trends 2023, Detailed Market Figures 2022, 2024 Edition", International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, 2024, https://www.iea-shc.org/solarheat-worldwide, and from M. Spörk-Dür, AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, personal communication with REN21, March -May 2024." Global data are for solar thermal water collectors (glazed and unglazed) only.20
  21. Based on data from W. Weiss and M. Spörk-Dür, “Solar Heat Worldwide, Global Market Development and Trends 2023, Detailed Market Figures 2022, 2024 Edition”, International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, 2024, https://www.iea-shc.org/solarheat-worldwide, and from M. Spörk-Dür, AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies, personal communication with REN21, March–May 2024, and on data for Brazil from D. Johann, Associação Brasileira de Energia Solar Térmica (ABRASOL), personal communication with REN21, 2 April 2024, and from ABRASOL, “Solar Heating Systems Production and Sales 2024 (Database 2023)”, May 2024, https://abrasol.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Solar- Heating-Systems-Production-and-Sales-2024.pdf.21
  22. Calculation based on estimates for each of the four largest markets noted in the Geothermal section and a nominal 1% annual growth for all other markets since 2019. Output in 2019 based on J.W. Lund and A.N. Toth, “Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2020 Worldwide Review”, 2020, https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/ WGC/2020/01018.pdf. The four largest markets comprising 85% of output in 2023 derived from estimates for these markets and assumed 1% annual growth for the rest of the world since 2019.22
  23. Geothermal capacity addition based on: power capacity data for Iceland, Indonesia, Kenya, the Philippines, Türkiye and the United States from sources noted in Geothermal section; New Zealand from New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, “Electricity Statistics”, accessed April 2024, https://www.mbie.govt.nz/building-and-energy/energyand-natural-resources/energy-statistics-and-modelling/energy-statistics/electricity-statistics; capacity data for other countries from International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Capacity Statistics 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2024; estimated electricity generation in 2023 based on International Energy Agency, “Renewables Energy Progress Tracker”, 11 January 2024, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/renewables-data-explorer.23
  24. US Energy Information Administration, “Monthly Energy Review”, 27 February 2024, https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.php#renewable; US Department of Agriculture (USDA), “Brazil: Biofuels Annual”, 14 August 2023, https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Biofuels%20Annual_Brasilia_Brazil_BR2023-0018.pdf; USDA, “Indonesia: Biofuels Annual”, 29 September 2023, https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Biofuels%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2023-0018.pdf. 24
  25. Agency for Renewable Resources (FNR), “Basic Data Bioenergy – Germany 2024”, accessed 21 March 2024, https://www.fnr.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2023/Mediathek/Broschuere_Basisdaten_Bioenergie_2023_web.pdf; Eurostat, “Liquid Biofuels Production Capacities”, 20 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.2908/NRG_INF_LBPC. 25
  26. Hydrogen Council, “Hydrogen Insights 2023”, December 2023, https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Hydrogen-Insights-Dec-2023-Update.pdf. 26
  27. Hydrogen Council, “Hydrogen Insights 2023”, December 2023, https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Hydrogen-Insights-Dec-2023-Update.pdf.27
  28. Hydrogen Council, “Hydrogen Insights 2023”, December 2023, https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Hydrogen-Insights-Dec-2023-Update.pdf. 28
  29. Hydrogen Council, “Hydrogen Insights 2023”, December 2023, https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Hydrogen-Insights-Dec-2023-Update.pdf. 29
  30. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”, 2022, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2022/07/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv. Figure 5 from idem.30
  31. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”, 2022, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2022/07/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv.31
  32. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”, 2022, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2022/07/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv.32
  33. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”, 2022, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2022/07/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv.33
  34. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”, 2022, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2022/07/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv.34
  35. IRENA, “2024 Renewable Capacity Statistics”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2024; IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023,” 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023; International Hydropower Association, World Hydropower Outlook 2024, https://www.hydropower.org/publications/2024-world-hydropower-outlook, International Hydropower Association, personal communications with REN21, May 2024.35
  36. REN21, Capacity Database, 2024, based on: IRENA, “2024 Renewable Capacity Statistics”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2024; IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023,” 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023; International Hydropower Association, World Hydropower Outlook 2024, https://www.hydropower.org/publications/2024-world-hydropower-outlook, International Hydropower Association, personal communications with REN21, May 2024. Figure 6 from idem.36
  37. IRENA, “2024 Renewable Capacity Statistics”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2024; IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023,” 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023; International Hydropower Association, World Hydropower Outlook 2024, https://www.hydropower.org/publications/2024-world-hydropower-outlook, International Hydropower Association, personal communications with REN21, May 2024. Figure 7 from idem.37
  38. International Energy Agency, "World Energy Outlook 2023", 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/42b23c45-78bc-4482-b0f9-eb826ae2da3d/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf.38
  39. Atlantic Council, "The 2023 Global Energy Agenda", 2023, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/The-2023-Global-Energy-Agenda.pdf. 39
  40. Table 1 from REN21, Capacity Database, 2024, based on: IRENA, “2024 Renewable Capacity Statistics”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2024; IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023,” 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023; International Hydropower Association, World Hydropower Outlook 2024, https://www.hydropower.org/publications/2024-world-hydropower-outlook, International Hydropower Association, personal communications with REN21, May 2024.40
  41. International Energy Agency, “Advancing Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7e7f4b17-1bb2-48e4-8a92-fb9355b1d1bd/CleanTechnologyManufacturingRoadmap.pdf. 41
  42. International Energy Agency, “Advancing Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7e7f4b17-1bb2-48e4-8a92-fb9355b1d1bd/CleanTechnologyManufacturingRoadmap.pdf. 42
  43. International Energy Agency, “Advancing Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7e7f4b17-1bb2-48e4-8a92-fb9355b1d1bd/CleanTechnologyManufacturingRoadmap.pdf. Figure 8 from idem.43
  44. International Energy Agency, “Advancing Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7e7f4b17-1bb2-48e4-8a92-fb9355b1d1bd/CleanTechnologyManufacturingRoadmap.pdf. 44
  45. International Energy Agency, “Advancing Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7e7f4b17-1bb2-48e4-8a92-fb9355b1d1bd/CleanTechnologyManufacturingRoadmap.pdf. 45
  46. International Energy Agency, “Advancing Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7e7f4b17-1bb2-48e4-8a92-fb9355b1d1bd/CleanTechnologyManufacturingRoadmap.pdf.46
  47. International Energy Agency, “Advancing Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7e7f4b17-1bb2-48e4-8a92-fb9355b1d1bd/CleanTechnologyManufacturingRoadmap.pdf. 47
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