RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewables in Energy Supply

2024

Bioenergy

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Key Facts
Bioenergy

  • Bioenergy accounted for 12.1% of the world's total final energy consumption in 2021, totalling 45.9 exajoules (EJ).
  • Modern bioenergy produced 1.3 EJ of derived heat in 2021, with solid biomass accounting for over half of the production.
  • Biofuels achieved a new record high in 2022 as production reached 170 billion litres (4.3 EJ), with ethanol representing nearly two-thirds of the total biofuel production.
  • Global biogas and biomethane production exceeded 1.6 EJ in 2022, and nearly half of this production was in Europe.

Bioenergy refers to the energy derived from organic materials (biomass), obtained from recently living organisms or their by-products. 1 The production of bioenergy involves different conversion processes – such as biological, chemical, thermal and hybrid methods – and employs a wide array of feedstocks, including agricultural residues (rice husks, bagasse, etc.), forestry residues (wood chips, sawdust, etc.), energy crops, and the renewable fraction of municipal and industrial waste.

As a versatile energy source, bioenergy extends into sectors such as heating, cooling, electricity generation and transport fuels. By substituting conventional fossil fuel sources, it can reduce energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. 2

Bioenergy accounted for 12.1% of the world's total final energy consumption in 2021 (latest data available), amounting to 45.9 EJ. 3 (See Figure 15.) More than half of this was the use of traditional biomass (24.3 EJ), which typically entails the direct burning of biomass in inefficient heating and cooking devices, mainly in developing Africa and Asia. 4 Demand for modern bioenergy totalled 21.5 EJ, representing nearly 6% of total final energy consumption, and was distributed among industry, buildings, transport, electricity and agriculture. 5 (See Figure 15.)

Bioenergy is playing a key role in addressing climate change, securing energy supply and providing income through local biomass supply chains. 6 Between 2010 and 2022, the use of modern bioenergy increased by around 3% annually. 7

Bioheat

Biomass is used to provide heat in various ways – including through direct combustion in boilers and stoves – as well as for electricity generation, which sometimes coincides with the production of usable heat (combined heat and power, or CHP). Biomass also can be used for process heat in industrial processes and can be converted into liquid and gaseous biofuels for use in heating systems. 8

In 2021, modern bioenergy produced 1.3 EJ of derived heat, as part of CHP plants or heat-only plants. 9 This was a 9% increase from 2020, with solid biomass (wood chips, pellets, etc.) accounting for more than half of the production, followed by waste-to-energy (43%) and biogas (only 4%). 10 Bioenergy accounted for 15.6 EJ of the world's total heat consumption (including district heating networks), or around 8% of the total heat consumed in 2021. 11

In the European Union (EU), Sweden was the largest consumer of solid biomass for heating purposes in 2022, representing more than 20% of EU consumption, followed by Finland (15.8%) and Denmark (13.1%). 12 Germany was the only EU country where gross heat production from solid biofuels (especially from wood pellets) increased notably. 13

The use of bioenergy for heat in the buildings sector totalled 29 EJ in 2021, and nearly 5 EJ of this was modern bioenergy, representing 5% of the sector's total heat energy consumption. 14 In the industry sector, bioenergy provided around 10 EJ of renewable heat, or 10.8% of the final heat demand. 15 The use of industrial bioheat increased 3% in 2021, continuing a two-decade upward trend. 16

In pursuit of decarbonisation, industries across sectors are using biomass in their processes, mainly to meet heat demand. During 2017-2022, bioenergy accounted for more than two-thirds of the global growth in renewable heat use, especially in the industry sector. 17 In Europe, the paper, pulp, and print industry, together with the wood and wood product industry, accounted for 79% of the biomass use for energy in 2021. 18

District heating involves generating heat in a centralised location and then distributing it to local residences, businesses and industries. District heating networks offer great potential for efficient, cost-effective and flexible large-scale use of low-carbon energy for heating. 19 In 2022, district heating production met around 9% of the global final heating need in buildings and industry. 20 However, nearly 90% of all district heat is still generated from fossil fuels. 21 In 2021, bioenergy contributed nearly 0.8 EJ to this production. 22

In the EU, the countries with the largest shares of bioheat use in district heating in 2021 were Luxembourg (78%), Denmark (65%) and Lithuania (45%). 23 In 2023, the EU provided USD 434 million (EUR 401 million) to the Czech Republic's green district heating scheme, supporting the installation of around 500 kilowatts (kW) of heat generation units based on biomass and waste, for around 345 megawatts-thermal (MWth) of bioheat capacity. 24 In Sweden, Sölor Bioenergy Group completed a new briquette storage facility in Floby that will supply the district heating plant (around 11,000 MWth annually) with briquettes sourced from the local wood industry, with the ash returned to the forest. 25

Bioenergy also can support greater access to clean cooking fuels. Clean cooking solutions include solar, electric, biogas, ethanol and advanced biomass/pellet stoves. 26 Pellet-fed gasifier stoves are among the most innovative of these technologies, bringing the potential for greater accessibility and affordability. 27 Gasifier stoves use pellets instead of raw biomass and can lower emissions and ensure highly efficient combustion. 28 As of May 2023, the world's only mass-produced biomass stove, the Mimi Moto, had sold 68,000 units across 23 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. 29

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FIGURE 15.Share of Bioenergy in Total Final Energy Consumption (TFEC), by End-Use Sector, 2021

FIGURE 15.

Source: See endnote 3 for this section.

Biofuels

Biofuels provide fuel alternatives for use in light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty tracks, ships and aircraft. In 2022, biofuels supplied more than 3.5% of global transport energy demand, mainly for road transport, and accounted for nearly 90% of the total renewable energy use in the sector. 30

Biofuel demand increased 6% in 2022, continuing a growth trend and reaching a new record high of 170 billion litres (4.3 EJ). 31 (See Figure 16.) Ethanol accounted for 106 billion litres (2.6 EJ), or nearly two-thirds of the total biofuel demand. 32 Biodiesel production was 45.1 billion litres (1.6 EJ), followed by hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or renewable diesel at 13.3 billion litres (0.47 EJ). 33 Although production of biojet (sustainable aviation fuel) is at an early stage, demand increased to 200 million litres in 2022. 34

Most biofuel production today relies on conventional feedstocks such as sugar cane, maize and soya. However, expanding production of biofuels calls for a diversification of feedstocks, such as wastes, residues, used cooking oil and waste animal fats. In 2023, maize was used to produce 66.2 billion litres of liquid biofuels, followed by sugars (38.6 billion litres), oils (45.8 billion), other crops (10.7 billion), used cooking oil (10.7 billion) and animal fats and other wastes (8.4 billion). 35

The United States was the world's leading biofuel producer by country in 2022, generating 70.7 billion litres, or nearly 40% of the global total. 36 In second and third place were Brazil (37.5 billion litres) and Indonesia (11.1 billion litres). 37 Biofuel production in Germany reached around 5.1 billion litres, ranking it among the top five producers and as the European leader. 38

Ethanol continued to be the dominant biofuel produced. In 2022, the United States and Brazil accounted for more than 80% of global production, supplying 58 billion litres and 32.9 billion litres respectively, followed by the EU with 6.1 billion litres. 39 India surpassed China to become the fourth largest ethanol producer, with 5.3 billion litres. 40 The main feedstocks for ethanol production are maize in the United States and sugarcane in Brazil.

US blending mandates vary among E10 (10% ethanol), E15 and E85 (51-83% ethanol) depending on the state and the type of vehicle. 41 Brazil has a mandate of E27 but plans to increase it to E30 in the future. 42 India's Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) achieved 12% blending (E12) as of 2023 and has a target of E20 by 2025. 43 Indonesia's state-owned energy company Pertamina launched an E5 petrol product in June 2023, and the country aims to produce 1.2 billion litres of ethanol from domestic sugar cane by 2030. 44 In the EU, Poland was the latest Member State to adopt the E10 petrol blend, bringing the total number of EU countries (plus the United Kingdom) with this target to 19. 45

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste cooking oils, and is used as a blending component in diesel fuels. In 2022, global biodiesel production neared 59 billion litres, with the EU generating the largest share at 26% (based on crops such as rapeseed oil and sunflower oil), followed by the United States with nearly 20% (based on soya oil) and Indonesia with 19% (based on palm oil). 46 Primary feedstocks vary by region, but vegetable oils are the most used, with palm oil accounting for 36% of global production, soya oil for 23%, and rapeseed oil for 14%, whereas waste (used cooking oil and others) supplies 14% and animal fats 5%. 47

The EU is the largest producer and consumer of FAME biodiesel, producing around 12 billion litres in 2022, based predominantly on rapeseed oil, followed by used cooking oil. 48 Germany, Spain and France together contributed more than half of total EU FAME production. 49

In 2023, Indonesia raised its biodiesel blending mandate from B30 to B35, with plans to increase it to B40 in the next few years, based on palm-based FAME. 50 The government implemented a quota policy to address supply surpluses and price pressures in vegetable oil markets. 51 Brazil is expanding its biodiesel blending from 12% in 2023 to 15% by 2026 under its RenovaBio incentive programme. 52

A new generation of bio-based diesel, known as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or renewable diesel, can be used as a renewable fuel in existing diesel engine vehicles, either in pure form or blended. The United States was the largest HVO producer in 2022, producing around 5.7 billion litres. 53

US demand is driven by the federal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2), California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) and the re-introduced Blenders Tax Credit. 54 In 2022, HVO production in the EU was nearly 4 billion litres. 55

Neste, the world's largest producer of HVO, expanded its US operations in 2023 by starting production of renewable diesel at Marathon Petroleum's refinery in Martinez, California. 56 In Canada, the 2022 Clean Fuel Regulation focuses on liquid biofuels and has driven renewable diesel production. Canada's first renewable diesel facility, the Tidewater Midstream facility, started operations in June 2023. 57

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Biogas

Biogas fuel is produced mainly through anaerobic digestion of organic wastes and residues. It is used mostly to provide heat and power and can be upgraded by removing carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce biomethane, which can be injected into gas grids or used as a transport fuel. 58 Global biogas and biomethane production increased 3% in 2022 to surpass 1.6 EJ. 59 Europe accounted for nearly half of this production, with Germany alone representing close to 20% of the world's consumption. 60 China had a production share of 21%, followed by the United States (12%) and India (9%). 61

In India, diverse programmes aim to boost biogas use in the energy sector. The government introduced a mandate requiring a 5% biomethane blend both in compressed natural gas (CNG) for transport and in piped gas for homes by 2028, with incremental increases starting from 1% in 2025. 62 Comprehensive Indian support policies include the Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) scheme, the Waste to Energy Programme and the Biogas Programme. 63

Automaker Scania of Sweden has introduced new biogas engines with 5% improved fuel efficiency. 64 Meanwhile, the Swedish energy company E.ON planned to launch its first biogas plant in Poland in 2024, capable of producing 8 gigawatt-hours of energy annually from agricultural waste. 65 In New South Wales, Australia, the companies Jemena and Optimal Renewable Gas (ORG) will jointly build three new biomethane plants, with the aim of injecting up to 1.5 petajoules (PJ) into the gas network; ORG plans to expand production to 2-4 PJ annually and to establish 10 plants nationwide by 2030. 66

Sustainable Aviation Fuel

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) refers to aviation fuel produced from biomass-based sources using technologies such as hydro-processed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), HVO, and alcohol-to-jet. 67

The United States, Europe, and Japan are at the forefront of SAF growth, propelled by strong policy support. 68 The ReFuelEU Aviation legislation sets binding blending obligations for 2% of the EU's jet fuel to come from SAF by 2025 and 6% by 2030, gradually increasing to 70% by 2050. 69 Japan has a goal of 10% SAF by 2030, and the United States, through its SAF Grand Challenge, aims to supply sufficient SAF to meet 100% of aviation fuel demand by 2050. 70 India plans to invest in SAF production using sugarcane molasses as an indigenous feedstock, with indicative targets of 1% SAF blending in jet fuel for domestic airlines by 2025, although no policies were in place as of 2023. 71

Airlines have committed to using nearly 35 billion litres of SAF annually over the next 20 years. 72 In 2023, the Finnish refiner Neste completed the expansion of its USD 1.7 (EUR 1.6 billion) Singapore Expansion project, able to produce up to 1 million tonnes of SAF. 73 Canada provided USD 5 million in support to Azure Sustainable Fuels Corp. to build and operate an SAF facility in Ontario. 74 Despite rapid expansion of production, SAF represented less than 0.1% of total global aviation fuel as of 2023, and growth may slow in the coming years due to high costs, limited clear policy support and low feedstock availability. 75

FIGURE 16.Global Production of Ethanol, Biodiesel (FAME) and Renewable Diesel, 2013-2022

FIGURE 16.

Source: See endnote 31 for this section.

Production of biodiesel increased 55% during 2013-2022.
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The maritime sector has witnessed growing interest in biofuels. Despite comprising less than 1% of tested marine fuels in 2023, biofuel use is on the rise. 76 The European Council's adoption of the FuelEU maritime regulation in July 2023 aims to boost demand for renewable and low-carbon fuels while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from shipping. 77 The FUEL-UP project, funded by the EU's Horizon programme and commencing in 2024, seeks to convert biogenic waste into advanced biofuels for decarbonising aviation and marine transport. 78

The Global Biofuel Alliance, formed at the 2023 G20 Summit in India, aims to boost biofuel supply and demand globally. Bringing together 19 countries including the United States, Brazil, India, and the United Arab Emirates, the global partnership is focused on advancing biofuel technologies, promoting sustainable use across industries and establishing robust standards. 79

Biopower

Biopower refers to the capacity to generate electricity from biomass. Bio-electricity can be generated continuously by burning organic materials such as wood chips, agricultural residues, and the organic portion of municipal solid waste. 80 Biopower production also can be combined with carbon capture and storage to create bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), a technology that not only produces renewable energy but also actively removes CO2 from the atmosphere, thereby contributing to negative emissions and aiding in the fight against climate change. 81 (See Sidebar 2.)

In 2023, bioenergy accounted for 2.4% of the world's electricity, producing 697 terawatt-hours (TWh), up 3.1% from 676 TWh in 2022. 82 The majority of bio-electricity was produced through the combustion of solid biomass sources, including diverse materials such as wood pellets, wood chips and sugarcane bagasse. Other contributors to biopower production include the organic portion of urban municipal and industrial waste, and biogas. 83

China generated more than a quarter (204 TWh) of the world's biopower in 2023, followed by Brazil (54 TWh) and Japan (49 TWh). 84 Eighteen countries generated more than 10% of their electricity from bioenergy during the year, led by Denmark (at 21%), Finland (14%) and the United Kingdom (12%). 85

Installed biopower capacity reached 150.3 gigawatts (GW) in 2023, accounting for around 4% of total renewable power capacity. 86 (See Figure 17.) Biopower capacity increased only 3% for the year, the slowest rate in the last decade. 87 The leading countries for biopower capacity were China (31 GW), Brazil (18 GW), the United States (11 GW) and India (10.7 GW). 88 Regionally, Asia led with a 5% increase in biopower capacity, and Japan had the highest annual capacity increase (18%). 89 In Brazil, bioenergy's share in electricity generation reached 7.7%, using sugarcane bagasse as the main feedstock. 90

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Globally, bio-electricity installed capacity increased 65% during 2014-2023.

FIGURE 17.Global Bio-Electricity Installed Capacity, by Region, 2014-2023

FIGURE 17.

Source: See endnote 86 for this section.

The rising use of wood pellets has fuelled substantial growth in global bio-electricity production, particularly in the EU and North America. 91 (See Figure 18.) The EU led global wood pellet production in 2022, producing nearly 25 million tonnes, followed by North America with 14.6 million tonnes. 92 The EU generated 87.6 TWh of electricity from biopower facilities using solid biofuels, with the top producers in 2022 being Finland, Sweden and Germany. 93

Asia experienced a surge in wood pellet demand as Japan and Viet Nam invested in more infrastructure for biopower generation from pellet combustion. Japan's Omaezakikou biomass power plant, which began commercial operation in July 2023, is expected to produce 530 million kilowatt-hours of electricity annually, enough to power 70,000 households. 94 RENOVA's 755 megawatt (MW) Morinomiyako Biomass Power Plant in Sendai City, which started operations in November 2023, is fuelled by wood pellets and palm kernel shells and is expected to meet the power needs of 170,000 households annually. 95

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FIGURE 18.Global Wood Pellet Production, by Region, 2013-2022

FIGURE 18.

Source: See endnote 91 for this section.

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