RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewables in Energy Supply

2024

Solar Photovoltaics (PV)

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Key Facts
Solar Photovoltaics (PV)

  • At least 407 GWDC of solar PV capacity came online worldwide in 2023, bringing the total installed capacity to 1.6 TW; this was a record increase driven by low manufacturing costs, increased consumer demand and policy-driven incentives.
  • China installed at least 235 GW of solar PV in 2023, 58% of the global total solar PV, followed by the US and India.
  • Centralised solar PV made up at least 55% of the total additions, while distributed solar PV comprised the remaining 180 GW.

At least 407 GW of solar PV capacity came online worldwide in 2023 i . 1 This record-breaking addition represented a 73% increase in cumulative capacity from the previous year and was the largest percentage increase since 2011. 2 More solar PV capacity was installed in 2023 alone than the entire global cumulative capacity of 2017. 3 Total solar PV capacity in operation by year's end reached an estimated 1.6 terawatts (TW), up from 1.2 TW in 2022. 4 (See Figure 26.)

The top solar PV markets were again China, the United States, India, Japan, and Germany (See Figure 27.) with India overtaking Japan to take third place compared to the 2022 rankings. 5 The next five countries were Spain, Brazil, Australia, Italy, and the Republic of Korea, with Brazil jumping from 10th to 7th place, Spain climbing from 7th to 6th, Australia dropping from 6th to 8th, Italy dropping from 8th to 9th and the Republic of Korea dropping from 9th to 10th. 6 Leading drivers of solar PV deployment in the global market included low manufacturing costs, increased consumer demand and policy-driven incentives. 7

Solar PV generation totalled around 5.4% of global electricity demand, up from 4.6% in 2022. 8 Generation from solar PV grew more than any other source of electricity, and twice as much as coal. 9 In at least 17 countries, solar PV produced more than 10% of overall electricity in 2023. 10 The countries with the highest shares of solar PV in the electricity mix were Chile (19.9%), Greece (19.0%), Hungary (18.4%), the Netherlands (17.3%), Australia (17.0%) and Spain (16.7%). 11

Distributed solar PV represented 44% of total solar PV capacity additions in 2023.

Global capacity additions of utility-scale solar PV – large-scale centralised systems connected to the grid – increased around 80% to reach a total of 226 GW, while distributed solar ii rose 56% to reach 180 GW. 12 Distributed solar PV represented 44% of the PV capacity added in 2023, driven by decreasing costs that made the technology more accessible for residential and commercial investors. 13 Installation of distributed solar PV occurred mainly in China, the United States, Germany, Brazil and Poland. 14 (See Figure 28.)

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In the European Union (EU), rooftop solar PV accounted for the largest share of solar PV installations in 2023, with the residential segment representing 33% of the total installed capacity (up 32% from 2022) and the commercial and industry segment another 33% (up 29% from 2022). 15 Solar PV was installed on 600,000 roofs In France and 200,000 rooftops in the United Kingdom, in response to hikes in electricity rates. 16 The Republic of Korea and Japan have shifted from encouraging rooftop solar PV to mandating distributed generators on new residential and commercial construction. 17 In Lebanon, distributed solar PV jumped 360% in 2022 and 13% in 2023 due to economic and political uncertainty that kept the central grid unreliable. 18

FIGURE 26.Solar PV Global Capacity and Annual Additions, 2014-2023

FIGURE 26.

Source: See endnote 4 for this section.

FIGURE 27.Solar PV Global Capacity, Top 5 Countries and Rest of World, 2014-2023

FIGURE 27.

Source: See endnote 5 for this section.

Top Markets

The top five countries in net additions of solar PV capacity in 2023 were (from largest to smallest) China, the United States, India, Germany and Brazil. 19 (See Figure 29.) The top three countries for capacity additions remained the same as in 2022; however, Germany replaced Spain for the fourth position, and Brazil dropped to fifth, together comprising around 76% of the newly installed capacity (up from 66% in 2022). 20

The next five solar PV markets were Spain, Japan, Poland, Italy and the Netherlands. 21 The annual market size required to rank among the top 10 countries in 2023 was 4.2 GW, up from 3.9 GW in 2022. 22 The leading markets for installed capacity per capita continued to be Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium and Spain. 23 By region, Asia again dominated in new solar PV installations, followed by the Americas, which again surpassed Europe. 24

China's solar PV capacity increased at least 235 GW in 2023, representing 58% of global additions (See Figure 30.) and bringing the country's cumulative capacity to at least 662 GW (42% of the global total). 25 China's installed PV capacity increased a record-breaking 60% in 2023, more than doubling the previous five-year average (26%). 26

In 2023, China added 58% of the global solar PV capacity additions.

Most new PV installations in China were centralised systems, accounting for 59% (139 GW) of the country's total installed capacity, outpacing rooftop solar PV for the first time since 2020. 27 China's ambitious 2020 commitment to become carbon neutral by 2060 and to push for large-scale growth of renewables in inland deserts has driven growth in centralised PV. 28 Distributed solar PV systems made up the remaining 96 GW. 29 Despite the record deployment of solar power and other renewables, fossil fuel use in China increased slightly in 2023, with coal representing more than half (55%) of total energy consumption. 30

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FIGURE 28.Share of Solar PV Capacity Additions, by Installation Type and Country/Region, 202

FIGURE 28.

Source: See endnote 14 for this section.

In the United States, 33.2 GW of solar PV came online in 2023, a 57% increase over 2022, for a total of 177 GW. 31 The explosive increase in solar PV capacity was due largely to the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, which created financial incentives for small- to large-scale renewable energy projects. 32 Generation from both distribution and centralised solar PV totalled 235GWh, representing 5.6% of the overall US energy mix. 33 Utility-scale solar PV comprised two-thirds (22 GW) of the capacity added and 69% of the total PV energy generation. 34 The remaining one-third (11 GW) of capacity was from small-scale generators (less than 1 MW, in size). 35 Distributed solar PV generation totalled 73.6 TWh, led by the residential sector, with 68% of output. 36 Bottlenecks to even greater solar PV growth included local opposition, high interest rates and inflated project costs. 37

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India started operation of the first 551 MW of solar PV at the Khavada Renewable Energy Park, a 30 GW solar PV and wind power hybrid mega-project in the western state of Gujarat. 38 Additionally, 38 GW of solar PV projects were approved in 2023 under a scheme where states identify land for solar development, and the country's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy provides infrastructural support. 39 A total of 12.5 GW of projects had already been fully or partially completed under the scheme. 40 By year's end, India had 95 GW of installed solar PV capacity, a 17 GW increase from 2022. 41 Centralised solar PV represented 77% of the total installed capacity. 42

FIGURE 29.Solar PV Global Capacity Additions, Top 10 Countries and Rest of World, 2023

FIGURE 29.

Source: See endnote 19 for this section.

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The European Union brought online 50 GW of solar PV capacity in 2023, 25% more than in 2022, to bring the region's cumulative capacity to 257 GW. 43 Germany added more solar PV to its grid in 2023 than in 2021 and 2022 combined, with 14 GW. 44 As an early adopter of PV, Germany represented 32% of the total European market, with a total of 82 GW of capacity installed by the end of 2023. 45 Spain was Europe's second biggest market with 38 GW of installed capacity by year's end; however, net additions fell from 8.4 GW in 2022 to 7.6 GW in 2023. 46

Italy remained the third biggest market in Europe, with 30 GW of installed capacity in 2023; it added 5.2 GW, or more than double the capacity added in 2022. 47 France remained the fourth largest market, adding 3.9 GW in 2023 (31% more than it added in 2022), bringing the country's total installed capacity to 23 GW. 48 The Netherlands, the fifth biggest market in Europe, added 4.2 GW (8% more than in 2022), bringing its cumulative capacity to 22.5 GW. 49 Poland's solar PV market continued to expand rapidly, adding 6 GW in 2023 (a 22% increase) and bringing the total installed capacity to 18.5 GW. 50 In the United Kingdom, annual additions in the last two years did not exceed 1 GW, and the total installed capacity was 16 GW at the end of 2023. 51

Solar PV generation in Brazil has rapidly outpaced other electricity technologies, producing 50 TWh in 2023, or roughly a 17-times increase in added capacity compared to 2018 levels. 52 In 2023 alone, PV generation increased 70%, with 12 GW of capacity brought online. 53 Net metering legislation, rising electricity tariffs and low PV equipment prices have pushed solar PV to become the second largest energy producer in the country after hydropower. 54 Brazil ended the year with 35 GW of total installed capacity. 55 Other notable capacity additions in Latin America were in Chile (1.3 GW), Colombia (695 MW) and Mexico (680 MW). 56

Japan was the third largest solar PV market in Asia after China and India, with a cumulative installed capacity of 91 GW; the country added 6.3 GW in 2023 (5% less than in 2022). 57 The Republic of Korea was the fourth biggest market with a total installed capacity of 27.7 GW; the country added 3.3 GW in 2023 (1% more than 2022). 58 Viet Nam, the fifth largest solar PV market in Asia, witnessed explosive growth prior to 2021 after the introduction of a generous feed-in-tariff (FIT), reaching 18.4 GW of total installed capacity in 2021. 59 However, the FIT was suspended due to weak grid planning , the market stalled and the country added less than 100 MW in the subsequent two years. 60 (See Snapshot: Viet Nam.)

FIGURE 30.Solar PV Global Capacity Additions, Shares of Top 10 Countries and Rest of World, 202

FIGURE 30.

Source: See endnote 25 for this section

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Snapshot.VIET NAM

Advancing Solar PV Policies To Ensure Energy Security and Grid Stability

Viet Nam has emerged as one of the leading players in the South-East Asian solar energy market, owing to its exceptional solar resources as well as supportive policies and feed-in tariffs in recent years. The country's solar PV capacity reached 18.6 GW in 2023, making up around 1.2% of the global total cumulative capacity.

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Advancing Solar PV Policies To Ensure Energy Security and Grid Stability

Viet Nam has emerged as one of the leading players in the South-East Asian solar energy market, owing to its exceptional solar resources as well as supportive policies and feed-in tariffs in recent years. The country's solar PV capacity reached 18.6 GW in 2023, making up around 1.2% of the global total cumulative capacity.

Yet, Viet Nam still relies heavily on fossil fuels to meet its electricity demand. In 2021, coal accounted for 45% of electricity generation, and fossil gas for 10%. Among renewables, hydropower supplied 31% of electricity, solar PV accounted for 11%, and the remaining capacity was covered by wind power and bioenergy, with a combined 2.3% of the total.

Several Vietnamese renewable energy projects have ceased to be economically viable as the grid is strained by rising electricity demand. Related transmission and distribution issues as well as market and regulatory constraints have led to a curtailment of solar power capacity after two years of multi-GW installations in 2019 and 2020. In 2020, Viet Nam was among the top 10 global solar PV markets and its solar power contribution to electricity supply reached 24%, ranking among the highest globally. After the country's feed-in tariff system (FiT 2) came to an end in late 2020, solar PV capacity additions plummeted from 10 GW to 2 GW. In 2023, just 100 MW of solar PV capacity was added.

To tackle the policy vacuum in the sector and revive the Vietnamese solar power market, the Vietnamese government launched a National Power Development Plan VIII (PDP8) in 2023. The plan outlines renewable energy deployment targets until 2030 and a long-term vision for the electricity system until 2050, aiming to enhance the country's energy security and promote sustainable development. Supported by a USD 135 billion funding plan and a direct power purchasing agreement framework, Viet Nam aims to cover at least 31% of its energy demand with renewable energy sources by 2030.

PDP8 particularly encourages rooftop solar PV development by granting household and construction projects unlimited PV capacity, provided that the systems are cost-effective and efficiently utilise existing grid connections. By 2030, 50% of office buildings and residential houses are set to be equipped with rooftop solar PV panels for on-site electricity consumption. Battery storage is further highlighted as a crucial aspect of power development, with a targeted capacity of 300 MW by 2030. Yet, the expansion of rooftop solar PV capacity by 2030 is capped at 2,600 MW to prevent grid overload.

Given PDP8's attention to both grid-connected rooftop solar PV and grid deficiencies, net metering has become a contentious issue in Vietnam. A draft decree on rooftop solar PV was released by the Vietnamese Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) in early 2024, suggesting to rule out the possibility of electricity trading. MOIT instead proposed to deploy solar PV power for self-consumption only and to feed surplus electricity back into the grid on a free-of-charge basis. The primary rationale behind this was, again, the risk that surplus electricity poses to the safety of the national grid.

Taking MOIT's concerns into account, the PDP8 Implementation Plan was adopted in April 2024, focusing on the capacity development of rooftop solar power on a self-consumption basis and on the reinforcement of the country's transmission system. Viet Nam aims to ultimately connect its grid with neighbouring countries and to emerge as a power exporter by the decade's end, targeting electricity exports ranging from 5 GW to 10 GW. Moreover, Viet Nam's solar PV aspirations offer a chance to both decarbonise the energy system and boost the country's local solar PV manufacturing.

Source: See endnote 60 for this section.

Emerging Markets

Africa added at least 3.7 GW of solar PV capacity in 2023, bringing the continent's total capacity to 16.3 GW, not accounting for residential installations iii . 61 South Africa drove most of the increase in added capacity, followed by Burkina Faso and Mauritania. 62

South Africa comprised 47% of Africa's total installed solar PV in 2023, adding 3 GW for a total of 7.8 GW by year's end, excluding residential installations. 63 Unlike most countries, solar PV growth in South Africa has been driven by the commercial and industrial sector, following the launch of the national Renewable Independent Power Producer Programme (REIPPP) in 2011. 64 Around 75% of non-residential solar PV capacity in the country is from commercial and industrial installations. 65

Seychelles and Namibia surpassed South Africa in per capita installed solar PV capacity, with 185 watts peak and 115 watts peak respectively. 66 The Central African Republic installed its first solar PV plants with the additions of the 15 MW Sakaï plant and the 25 MW Danzi plant. 67

Large, centralised installations single-handedly bolstered the solar PV capacity in the Middle East in 2023. 68 The 2 GW Al Dhafra mega-project in the United Arab Emirates came online during the year, the only significant source of PV added capacity in the country. 69 In Saudi Arabia, the 1.5 GW Sudair solar park became fully operational. 70

Solar PV Industry

Solar PV is the largest driver of job growth among renewable energy technologies. 71 In 2022, an estimated 3.9 million jobs were created in the sector – mostly in construction and manufacturing – as a result of the global deployment boom. 72 The renewable energy sector employs a higher share of women than the fossil fuel industry, and in 2022 women workers represented 40% of global solar PV employment. 73

Early investment in PV cell manufacturing since 2011 has enabled China to become the dominant actor in the solar PV supply chain, exporting 80% of all panels and components. 74 In 2023, China exported 219 GW worth of PV modules to the rest of the world, up 34% from 2022. 75 Nearly half of the exports went to Europe, and 85 GW of these modules were still mothballed in European warehouses as of February 2024. 76 Despite stalled installations, European countries, especially the Netherlands, bought a surplus of Chinese panels due to low prices, leading domestic manufacturers to declare unfair trade practices against China. 77

Issues with both alleged and documented forced labour in Chinese manufacturing have led some countries to stop purchasing modules from supply chains that lack transparency. 78 Meanwhile, circular solutions for the re-use, recovery and recycling of solar PV panels have gained momentum. 79 (See Snapshot: France.)

In 2023, most solar PV modules were based on crystalline (c-Si) cell technology, comprising 95% of the global PV market. 80 The remaining 5% of modules in commercial operation used thin-film technology, namely cadmium-telluride (CdTe) solar cells. 81 During the year, Japanese researchers were able to achieve similar efficiencies to polysilicon cells with cells made with perovskite – an emerging low-cost, mineral-created material – although no commercial applications had yet surfaced. 82

Niche Solar PV Markets

Large-scale floating solar PV installations became more commonplace in 2023. Centralised floating PV plants that came online during the year included 192 MW of a 500 MW plant in Indonesia, part of a 75 MW floating solar facility in Brazil, and part of Albania's first large-scale floating PV facility. 83 Globally, at least 5.6 GW of floating solar PV was operational by the end of 2022. 84 In Taiwan, an extension of the Changbin floating solar project (originally started in 2020) began operation in February 2024 as one of the world's largest floating PV installations, at 440 MW. 85

Interest in solar agrivoltaics has grown based on calls for dual land use. 86 Reporting remains subjective in many markets, but agrivoltaic projects typically contain some degree of animal grazing, introduction of pollinators or native flora on the project site, or growing and harvesting crops between or under solar arrays. 87 At least 14 GW of operating agrivoltaics was documented in 2021, including nearly 6 GW of operating agrivoltaic capacity in the United States alone. 88

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Snapshot.FRANCE

A Unique Approach to Re-use and Recycle Solar PV Panels

There is increasing recognition of the benefits of circular supply chains in the solar PV industry. While 94% of a solar panel's components are recyclable, the complexities of the specialised processes make them still expensive, and the lack of standardisation for guaranteeing the performance and safety of second-hand panels and components constrains the development of such market streams.

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A Unique Approach to Re-use and Recycle Solar PV Panels

There is increasing recognition of the benefits of circular supply chains in the solar PV industry. While 94% of a solar panel's components are recyclable, the complexities of the specialised processes make them still expensive, and the lack of standardisation for guaranteeing the performance and safety of second-hand panels and components constrains the development of such market streams.

Aligned with the extended producer responsibility (EPR) regulation of the European Union, France has been pro-active in addressing solar PV waste. The EPR regulation holds manufacturers and producers accountable for the entire life cycle of certain products – including PV panels – from collection to treatment, re-use and recycling. The EPR concept ensures that the producers of the PV panels also bear the costs associated with managing their waste.

In France, SOREN, a non-profit recovery system (“éco-organisation”) founded in 2014, is accredited by the government to manage both collection and recycling by operating private tendering procedures. In 2023, SOREN recovered 5,207 tonnes of solar modules (35% more than in 2022), of which 3,631 tonnes were processed, managing to recycle up to 90% of them.

SOREN collects used PV panels at no cost to the owners, regardless of the technology, brand or year of marketing. The process is financed through the “eco-participation” system, which applies also to sectors. In the case of the solar PV sector, companies pay a contribution to SOREN for each product put into the market. The contribution is determined by a set of criteria such as the weight of the panel and the technology.

SOREN has also partnered with ENVIE 2E, a social enterprise specialised in recycling and re-use, to develop a market stream for second-hand solar panels. This includes guaranteeing safety, performance and a minimum lifespan, enabling a second life for the PV panels and therefore saving precious resources. As the adoption of solar energy continues to expand, it becomes crucial to implement circularity in the PV industry, extending the lifetime of panels and recovering valuable components from used panels, which can then be reprocessed into new materials or products.

Source: See endnote 79 for this section.

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Footnotes

i Figures in this section are in direct current (DC), unless otherwise stated. China's National Energy Administration provides installed capacity in alternating current (AC), and the International Energy's Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme applies a AC-to-DC conversion range to account for uncertainty. Figures in this report assume the most conservative figure.

ii Distributed generation refers to systems that provide power to grid-connected consumers, or directly to the grid, but on distribution networks rather than on bulk transmission or off-grid systems. In this section, distributed generation refers to rooftop and ground-mounted PV for residential, commercial and industrial applications.

iii Refined data from the Africa Solar Industry Association show an additional 1 GW of capacity in 2023 due to gaps in knowledge of operational solar PV installations from previous years. Here, the 1 GW of capacity is applied only to total cumulative capacity, not capacity added in 2023.

  1. Global installed solar PV capacity could be as high as 446 GW; however, due to uncertainty of ratios between alternating and direct current from official Chinese sources, 407.4 GW represents the most conservative worldwide figure. Figures and analysis henceforth are based on the more conservative assumption of 407.4 GW of capacity added in 2023. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf. 1
  2. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA PVPS), “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf; IEA PVPS, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2022”, 2023, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2022-vF.pdf. 2
  3. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA PVPS), “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf; IEA PVPS, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2022”, 2023, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2022-vF.pdf. 3
  4. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA PVPS), “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf; IEA PVPS, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2022”, 2023, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2022-vF.pdf. Figure 26 from idem. 4
  5. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf. Figure 27 from idem.5
  6. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf.6
  7. Based on analyses of the following sources: Holly Hu and Josefin Berg, “Over 500 GW of Solar PV Installations Globally in 2024, with Robust Demand from Mainland China”, S&P Global, 26 February 2024. https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/ci/research-analysis/over-500-gw-of-solar-pv-installations-globally-in-2024-with.html; Jenny Chase, “Global PV Market Outlook, 4Q 2023”, BloombergNEF, 29 November 2023, https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-pv-market-outlook-4q-2023; Ember, “Global Electricity Review 2024”, 2024, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2024/05/Report-Global-Electricity-Review-2024.pdf; John Fitzgerald Weaver, “Solar Surging 58% in 2023, 413 GW of Installations Expected Globally”, pv magazine USA, 28 November 2023, https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2023/11/28/solar-surging-58-in-2023-413-gw-of-installations-expected-globally; International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf.7
  8. Ember, “Global Electricity Review 2024”, 2024, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2024/05/Report-Global-Electricity-Review-2024.pdf. 8
  9. Ember, “Global Electricity Review 2024”, 2024, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2024/05/Report-Global-Electricity-Review-2024.pdf. 9
  10. Solar PV represented more than 10% of electricity mix in at least nine African countries, from Africa Solar Industry Association, “Annual Solar Outlook 2024”, 2024, https://www.afsiasolar.com/data-center/outlook-report; 17 countries produced more than 10% of their electricity from solar PV, from International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023,” 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf. 10
  11. Ember, “Global Electricity Review 2024”, 2024, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2024/05/Report-Global-Electricity-Review-2024.pdf. 11
  12. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf.12
  13. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023,” 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf.13
  14. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf. Figure 28 from idem. 14
  15. SolarPower Europe, “EU Market Outlook for Solar Power 2023-2027”, 2023, https://api.solarpowereurope.org/uploads/Solar_Power_Europe_EU_Market_Outlook_2023_v03_deca570a83.pdf. 15
  16. Simon Kuper, "A Laboratory of Solar Energy Gives Lyon Its Moment in the Sun”, Financial Times, 18 August 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/ed48f2e0-6d75-4bf7-977a-3a75ac719453; Jillian Ambrose, “UK Homes Install ‘Record Number' of Solar Panels and Heat Pumps”, The Guardian, 14 August 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/14/uk-homes-install-record-number-of-solar-panels-and-heat-pumps. 16
  17. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf; Kantaro Komiya, “Tokyo Makes Solar Panels Mandatory for New Homes Built After 2025”, Reuters, 15 December 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/tokyo-makes-solar-panels-mandatory-new-homes-built-after-2025-2022-12-15. 17
  18. Ilias Tsagas, “Lebanese Households Fight Economic Crisis with Record Rooftop PV Additions”, pv magazine International, 8 June 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/06/08/lebanese-households-fight-economic-crisis-with-record-rooftop-pv-additions; International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Capacity Statistics 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2024; https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/lacking-land-israel-cover-its-rooftops-with-solar-panels-2023-06-20; Laure Delacloche, “How Solar Power Is Keeping Lebanon's Lights On”, BBC News, 18 May 2023, http://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230517-how-solar-power-is-keeping-lebanons-lights-on.18
  19. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf. Figure 29 from idem.19
  20. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf. 20
  21. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf.21
  22. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf.22
  23. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf.23
  24. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf.24
  25. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf. Figure 30 from idem. 25
  26. Calculated using International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets”, 2019-2024 editions, https://iea-pvps.org/snapshot-reports.26
  27. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf; Bloomberg, “China's Growth in Large-Scale Solar Exceeded Rooftops Last Year”, 29 February 2024, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-29/china-s-growth-in-large-scale-solar-exceeded-rooftops-last-year. 27
  28. Lili Pike, “China's Commitment to Become Carbon Neutral by 2060, Explained”, Vox, 25 September 2020, https://www.vox.com/21455941/china-climate-change-carbon-neutrality-net-zero-solar-electric-vehicles; Bloomberg, “China's Growth in Large-Scale Solar Exceeded Rooftops Last Year”, 29 February 2024, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-29/china-s-growth-in-large-scale-solar-exceeded-rooftops-last-year. 28
  29. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf.29
  30. National Bureau of Statistics of China, “Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 National Economic and Social Development”, 29 February 2024, https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918. 30
  31. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf.31
  32. Michelle Davis, “US Solar: Full Benefits of the Inflation Reduction Act Are Yet to Materialize”, Wood Mackenzie, 7 September 2023, https://www.woodmac.com/news/opinion/us-solar-IRA-benefits. 32
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  51. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf. Figure XX from idem. 51
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