Renewables 2016 Global Status Report

Renewables 2016
Global Status Report

Reference Tables

Reference Tables

  1. Table R1 from the following sources: Bio-power based on 2015 forecast data in International Energy Agency (IEA), Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), https://www.iea.org/bookshop/708-Medium-Term_Renewable_Energy_Market_Report_2015, except for the following: US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Office of Energy Projects Energy Infrastructure Update for December 2015,” http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2015/dec-infrastructure.pdf; Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL), “Banco de informacoes de geração,” http://www.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/capacidadebrasil/Combustivel.cfm, viewed 9 May 2016; China National Renewable Energy Centre, provided by Amanda Zhang, Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association, personal communication with REN21, 26 April 2016; Germany preliminary statistics from Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland, Daten zur Entwicklung im Jahr 2015 (Berlin: February 2016), http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/erneuerbare-energien-in-zahlen-2015.pdf; UK Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC), “Energy Trends Section 6 – Renewables” (London: March 2016), Table 6.1, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-section-6-renewables, viewed 22 April 2016; Government of India, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), “Physical progress (achievements) – up to the month of December 2015,” http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/; MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements) – up to the month of December 2014,” http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/; Japan from Hironao Matsubara, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies, Japan, personal communication with REN21, 10 April 2016. Geothermal power from Geothermal Energy Association (GEA), supplied by Benjamin Matek, GEA, personal communication with REN21, March–May 2016. Hydropower from sources in endnote 5 of this section. Ocean power from Ocean Energy Systems (OES), Annual Report 2015 (Lisbon: April 2016), http://www.ocean-energy-systems.org; see Ocean Energy section and related endnotes for more information. Solar PV from sources in endnote 6 of this section. CSP from CSP Today, “Projects tracker,” http://social.csptoday.com/tracker/projects, viewed on numerous dates leading up to 23 March 2015; US National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “Concentrating solar power projects by project name,” http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_project.cfm, viewed on numerous dates leading up to 23 March 2015; Luis Crespo, European Solar Thermal Electricity Association (ESTELA), Brussels, CSP technology questionnaire provided to REN21, 21 February 2016; REN21, Renewables 2015 Global Status Report (Paris: 2015), pp. 64–65, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf. Wind power from sources in endnote 9 of this section. Modern bio-heat based on the following: 297 GWth of bioenergy heat plant capacity installed as of 2008, from Helena Chum et al., “Bioenergy,” in Ottmar Edenhofer et al., eds., IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011), http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srren/Chapter%202%20Bioenergy.pdf. Projections based on this number have been made for past GSRs. The combination of the Chum et al. data, plus past GSR projections, was used to estimate 2014 values of 305 GWth using a linear regression. The 2015 value presented here assumes a 3.5% growth rate from that 305 GWth value, based on the same percent increase for modern heat generation as presented in IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015, op. cit. this note, p. 242. Note that accurate heat data, including from bioenergy, are very difficult to obtain as most capacity installations and output are not metered. Even if plant capacities are known, there is often no knowledge of whether a 1 MWth plant, for example, is used for 80 hours or 8,000 hours per year. Geothermal heating capacity derived from John W. Lund and Tonya L. Boyd, “Direct utilization of geothermal energy: 2015 worldwide review,” in Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2015 (Melbourne, Australia: 19–25 April 2015), and from Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín, International Geothermal Association and Mexican Geothermal Association, personal communication with REN21, March 2015. Capacity figure for 2015 is extrapolated from 2014 values (from sources) by weighted-average growth rate across eight categories of geothermal direct use: space heating, bathing and swimming, greenhouse heating, aquaculture, industrial use, snow melting and cooling, agricultural drying and other. The weighted-average five-year annual growth rate for capacity is 6.0% compared to 5.9% simple growth rate for the same period. The weighted-average five-year annual growth rate for utilisation is 3.5% compared to 3.3% simple growth rate for the same period. Solar collectors for water heating estimates based on Franz Mauthner, AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE INTEC), personal communication with REN21, April 2016, and on Franz Mauthner, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür, Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2014 (Gleisdorf, Austria: IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, May 2016). See Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling section and related endnotes for more details. Ethanol, biodiesel and HVO production data from sources in endnote 3 of this section.
  2. Table R2 from the following sources: For all global data, see endnote 1 for this section and other relevant reference tables. For more-specific data and sources, see Global Overview chapter and Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes. EU-28: Hydropower from the following sources: International Journal on Hydropower & Dams (IJHD), Hydropower & Dams World Atlas 2015 (Wallington, Surrey, UK: 2015), Table “World Hydro Potential and Development,” pp. 15–17; BMWi and Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat), “Zeitreihen zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland, unter Verwendung von Daten der Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat),” February 2016, p. 8, http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/zeitreihen-zur-entwicklung-der-erneuerbaren-energien-in-deutschland-1990-2015.pdf; Gestore dei Servizi Energetici S.p.A. (GSE), “Energia da fonti rinnovabili in Italia, Dati preliminari 2015,” 29 February 2016, http://www.gse.it/it/Statistiche/RapportiStatistici/Pagine/default.aspx; Red Eléctrica de España (REE), “Potencia instalada nacional (MW),” 8 April 2016, www.ree.es; UK DECC, “Energy Statistics, Section 6 – Renewables” (London: March 2016), p. 51, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/511939/Renewables.pdf; Réseau de transport d’électricité (RTE), 2015 Bilan Électrique (Paris: 2015), pp. 3, 13, http://www.rte-france.com/sites/default/files/2015_bilan_electrique.pdf; RTE, Panorama de L’Électricité Renouvelable 2014 (Paris: 2014), http://www.rte-france.com/sites/default/files/panorama_des_energies_renouvelables_2014.pdf; Eurostat database, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database?node_code=nrg_113a, viewed April 2016. Wind power from European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), Wind in Power: 2015 European Statistics (Brussels, February 2016), p. 4, http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA-Annual-Statistics-2015.pdf, and from Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), Global Wind Report: Annual Market Update 2015 (Brussels: April 2016), http://www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/vip/GWEC-Global-Wind-2015-Report_April-2016_19_04.pdf. Solar PV from Gaëtan Masson, International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA PVPS) and Becquerel Institute, personal communications with REN21, March–April 2016, and from IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2015 (Brussels: 2016), http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/national/IEA-PVPS_-_Trends_2015_-_MedRes.pdf. Bio-power based on data from IEA, op. cit. note 1; preliminary statistics from BMWi, op. cit. note 1; UK DECC, op. cit. this note. Geothermal power based on data from GEA, unpublished database, provided by Benjamin Matek, GEA, personal communication with REN21, 9 May 2016, and from Ruggero Bertani, “Geothermal Power Generation in the World: 2010-2014 Update Report,” in Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2015 (Melbourne, Australia: 19–25 April 2015). CSP from the following sources: Luis Crespo, op. cit. note 1; REE, El Sistema Eléctrico Español: Avance 2015 (Madrid: 2015), p. 5, http://www.ree.es/sites/default/files/downloadable/avance_informe_sistema_electrico_2015_v2.pdf; NREL, op. cit. note 1; CSP Today, op. cit. note 1, continuously updated and viewed on numerous occasions leading up to 22 April 2016. Ocean energy from OEC, op. cit. note 1, from UK DECC, op. cit. this note, and from International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2016 (Abu Dhabi: April 2016), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2016.pdf. BRICS based on the following: Brazil: Hydropower based on data from ANEEL, “Resumo geral dos novos empreendimentos de geração,” http://www.aneel.gov.br/arquivos/zip/Resumo_Geral_das_Usinas_março_2015.zip, updated February 2016; wind power from GWEC, op. cit. this note, and from World Wind Energy Association (WWEA), World Wind Energy Report 2015 (Bonn: May 2016); solar PV from Becquerel Institute, April 2016, and from ANEEL, op. cit. note 1, viewed 16 February 2016, provided by Maria Beatriz Monteiro and Suani Teixeira Coelho, February 2016; bio-power from idem. Russian Federation: Hydropower from System Operator of the Unified Energy System of Russia, Report on the Unified Energy System in 2015 (Moscow: 1 February 2016), http://www.so-ups.ru/fileadmin/files/company/reports/disclosure/2016/ups_rep2015.pdf; wind power from EWEA, op. cit. this note; solar PV from Federal Grid Company of Unified Energy System, http://so-ups.ru/fileadmin/files/company/reports/ups-review/2015/ups_review_dec15.pdf, provided by Maria Ryabova, Center for Strategic Research and Geopolitics in Energy, International Institute of Energy Policy and Diplomacy, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University), personal communication with REN21, February 2016, and from Becquerel Institute, April 2016; bio-power from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report, op. cit. note 1; geothermal from GEA, op. cit. note 1. India: Hydropower from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority, “All India installed capacity (in MW) of power stations as on 31.12.2015 (utilities),” http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2015/installed_capacity-12.pdf, from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority, “Executive summary of the power sector (monthly),” http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyarchive.html, from MNRE, op. cit. note 1, both sources; and from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority, “Executive summary of the power sector (monthly),” January 2016, http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2016/exe_summary-01.pdf; wind power from MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements),” http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/, viewed 21 January 2015 and 1 February 2016, from GWEC, op. cit. this note, and from WWEA, op. cit. this note; solar PV from MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements),” op. cit. note 1, both sources, and from Bridge to India, provided by Shaurya Bajaj, Bridge to India, personal communication with REN21, 13 April 2016; bio-power from MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements),” op. cit. this note, both sources; geothermal from idem; CSP from NREL, “Concentrating solar power projects in India,” http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=IN, updated 17 February 2014; CSP Today, op. cit. note 1; “India’s PV-led solar growth casts eyes on performance of CSP projects,” CSP Today, http://social.csptoday.com/markets/india%E2%80%99s-pv-led-solar-growth-casts-eyes-performance-csp-projects, updated 9 November 2015. China: Hydropower from National Energy Agency of China, National Electric Power Industry Statistics, sourced from China National Energy Board, 15 January 2016, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2016-01/15/c_135013789.htm, and from International Hydropower Association (IHA), “2016 Key Trends in Hydropower” (London: March 2016), http://www.hydropower.org, and IHA, personal communication with REN21, February–April 2016; wind power from Chinese Wind Energy Association, cited in GWEC, op. cit. this note, and from China National Energy Board, cited in China National Energy Administration, “Energy Board: 2015 national wind power industry to continue to maintain strong growth momentum,” 4 February 2016, www.nea.gov.cn/2016-02/04/c_135073627.htm (using Google Translate); solar PV from China National Energy Board, cited in China Electricity Council, “2015 PV-Related Statistics,” 6 February 2016, http://www.cec.org.cn/yaowenkuaidi/2016-02-05/148942.html (using Google Translate); and from IEA PVPS, op. cit. this note, p. 18; bio-power from Amanda Zhang, Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association, personal communication with REN21, April 2015; geothermal from GEA, op. cit. this note; CSP from NREL, op. cit. note 1, and from CSP Today, op. cit. note 1. South Africa: Hydropower from Hydro4Africa, “African Hydropower Database – South Africa,”http://hydro4africa.net/HP_database/country.php?country=South Africa&tab=overview, viewed 17 April 2016; wind power from GWEC, op. cit. this note; solar PV from IEA-PVPS, op. cit. this note; bio-power from IEA, op. cit. note 1, and from REN21, SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (Paris: 2015), http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/REN21_webfile.pdf; geothermal from GEA, op. cit. this note; CSP from NREL, “Concentrating solar power projects in South Africa,” http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=ZA, updated 17 February 2014; CSP Today, op. cit. note 1; CSP Today, PV Insider, and Wind Energy Update South Africa, International Investment in the South African Renewable Energy Market (Cape Town: January 2016), p. 5, http://www.csptoday.com/southafrica/international-investment.php; “One million South Africans receiving power from world’s largest storage solar farm,” TimesLive, 17 December 2015, http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2015/12/17/One-million-South-Africans-receiving-power-from-world%E2%80%99s-largest-storage-solar-farm. United States: Hydropower from US Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Monthly with Data for January 2016 (Washington, DC: March 2016), Table 6.2.B, http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/current_year/march2016.pdf; wind power from American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), “US Wind Industry Fourth Quarter 2015 Market Report” (Washington, DC: 27 January 2015), p. 1, http://awea.files.cms-plus.com/FileDownloads/pdfs/4Q2015%20AWEA%20Market%20Report%20Public%20Version.pdf; solar PV from IEA PVPS, op. cit. this note, and from GTM Research and Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), “Solar Market Insight 2015 Q4: Executive Summary” (Washington, DC: 9 March 2016), http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-2015-q4; bio-power from US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), “Office of Energy Projects Energy Infrastructure Update for December 2015,” http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2015/dec-infrastructure.pdf. Note that bio-power data are lower according to data from US EIA, Electric Power Monthly with Data for December 2015 (Washington, DC: February 2016), p. 129, Table 6.1, www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/pdf/epm.pdf; geothermal from GEA, op. cit. this note; CSP from NREL, “Concentrating solar power projects in the United States,” http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=US, updated 17 February 2014; CSP Today, op. cit. note 1; Parthiv Kurup and Craig Turchi, “NREL CSP Data - US plants V2,” presentation (Golden, CO: NREL, 19 February 2016), p. 2; OES, op. cit. this note. Germany: Hydropower from BMWi and AGEE-Stat), op. cit. this note, p. 8; wind power from BMWi, op. cit. note 1 from BMWi, Zeitreihen zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland (Berlin: February 2016), p. 7, http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/zeitreihen-zur-entwicklung-der-erneuerbaren-energien-in-deutschland-1990-2015.pdf, and from EWEA, op. cit. this note; solar PV from BMWi, op. cit. note 1; bio-power from idem; geothermal power from GEA database, op. cit. this note; CSP from NREL, “Concentrating solar power projects in Germany,” http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=DE, updated 17 February 2014; CSP Today, op. cit. note 1. Japan: Hydropower based on data from Japan Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (METI), “Announcement regarding the present status of introduction of facilities generating renewable energy as of October 30, 2015” (Tokyo: February 2016), provided by Hironao Matsubara, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (ISEP), personal communication with REN21, February 2016; wind power from Japan Wind Power Association, “Installed capacity of wind power generation at the end of 2015: 3,038 MW, 2,077 units,” 25 January 2016, provided by Matsubara, op. cit. this note, from GWEC, op. cit. this note, and from WWEA, op. cit. this note; solar PV from IEA PVPS, op. cit. this note; bio-power from METI, op. cit. this note; geothermal power from ISEP, Renewables 2015 Japan Status Report (Tokyo: January 2016), based on feed-in tariff data by end of October 2015, with total end-2015 capacity estimated based on monthly installation, and provided by Matsubara, op. cit. this note. Italy: Hydropower from Gestore dei Servizi Energetici – GSE S.p.A., "Energia da fonti rinnovabili in Italia, Dati preliminari 2015," 29 February 2016, http://www.gse.it/it/Statistiche/RapportiStatistici/Pagine/default.aspx; wind power from EWEA, Wind in Power: 2015 European Statistics (Brussels: February 2016), p. 4; solar PV from IEA-PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2015 (Paris: 2016), and from GSE, op. cit. this note; bio-power from idem; geothermal power from idem, and from GEA database, op. cit. this note; CSP (all pilots) from NREL, “Concentrating solar power projects in Italy,” http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=IT, updated 17 February 2014, and from CSP Today, op. cit. note 1; ocean power from OES, op. cit. note 1. Spain: Hydropower from REE, “Potencia instalada nacional (MW),” op. cit. this note; wind power from EWEA, op. cit. this note; solar PV from IEA PVPS, op. cit. this note; bio-power from REE, El Sistema Eléctrico Español: Avance 2015, op. cit. this note, p. 5; CSP from Crespo, op. cit. note 1; also from REE, El Sistema Eléctrico Español: Avance 2015, op. cit. this note, p. 5; ocean power from OES, op. cit. note 1. Per capita data based on capacity data provided in Reference Table R2 and on 2014 country population data from World Bank, “Population, total,” World Development Indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL, updated 17 February 2016.
  3. Table R3 from the following sources: ethanol data from F.O. Licht, “Fuel Ethanol: World Production by Country,” 2016, and biodiesel data for Argentina, China, Germany, France, Indonesia, Malaysia, Spain and Thailand from F.O. Licht, “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country,” 2016, both with permission from F.O. Licht / Licht Interactive Data; biodiesel data for Belgium, Canada, Colombia, India, Netherlands and Singapore from IEA, op. cit. note 1, p. 261; biodiesel data for United States from US EIA, Monthly Energy Review, April 2016, Table 10.4, p. 156, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/archive/00351604.pdf; biodiesel data for Brazil from Brazil Ministry of Mines and Energy, based on Ministry of Agriculture statistics, “Produção nacional de biodiesel puro - B100 (metros cúbicos),” http://www.anp.gov.br/?dw=8740. Preliminary 2014 data that appeared in GSR 2015 have been updated where possible. Netherlands HVO production assumes that the Neste Oil facility in Rotterdam produced the same amount of HVO as in prior years, with data from F.O. Licht, 2015.
  4. Table R4 from the following sources: Inventory of existing capacity and installed capacity in 2015 from GEA, from Benjamin Matek, GEA, personal communication with REN21, March–May 2016; additional information on Japan from Toshihiro Uchida, Geological Survey of Japan (AIST), via Marietta Sander, International Geothermal Association, personal communication with REN21, April 2016.
  5. Table R5 from the following sources: Global capacity estimate based on IHA, 2016 Hydropower Status Report (London: May 2016), http://www.hydropower.org/2016-hydropower-status-report, and on IHA, personal communication with REN21, February–April 2016. Total installed capacity of 1,212 GW (33.7 GW added), less 145 GW of pumped storage (2.5 GW added), yields 1,067 GW (31.2 GW added). The difference of 3 GW relative to the values reported here pertains to data for China. Due to uncertainty about full station commissioning dates falling between 2014 and 2015, IHA’s Hydropower Status Report is reporting 19 GW added in 2015, and REN21’s Global Status Report is reporting 16 GW. Country data from the following sources: China: China National Energy Agency, summary of national electric industry statistics for 2015, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2016-01/15/c_135013789.htm. Brazil: 2,506 MW (2,299 MW large hydro, 117 MW small hydro and around 90 MW very small hydro) added in 2015, per ANEEL, op. cit. note 2; “Resumo Geral dos Novos Empreendimentos de Geração,” March 2016, http://www.aneel.gov.br/arquivos/zip/Resumo_Geral_das_Usinas_março_2015.zip; cumulative large hydro capacity is listed as 86,366 MW at end-2015, small hydro (1–30 MW) at 4,886 MW and very small hydro (<1 MW) at 398 MW (compared to 308 MW in the previous year), for a total of 91,650 MW. United States: US EIA, Electric Power Monthly, March 2016, Table 6.2.B, http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly. Canada: IHA, op. cit. this note; Statistics Canada, “Table 127-0009 Installed Generating Capacity, by Class of Electricity Producer,” http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim, viewed March 2016. Russian Federation: System Operator of the Unified Energy System of Russia, op. cit. note 2. India: installed capacity in 2015 (units larger than 25 MW) of 42,623.42 MW from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority, “All India Installed Capacity (in MW) of Power Stations,” 13 December 2015, http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2015/installed_capacity-12.pdf; capacity additions in 2015 (>25 MW) of 1,606 MW from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority, “Executive Summary of the Power Sector (monthly),” http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyarchive.html, viewed January–December 2015; installed capacity in 2015 (<25 MW) of 4,176.9 MW from MNRE, op. cit. note 1, viewed 1 February 2016; capacity additions in 2015 (<25 MW) of 186 MW based on difference of year-end 2015 figure (above) and year-end 2014 figure (3,990.83 MW), from idem; an additional 150 MW completed in 2015 but not counted in official capacity total until January 2016, from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority, “Executive Summary of the Power Sector (monthly),” January 2016, http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2016/exe_summary-01.pdf. Turkey: capacity at end-2015 of 25,867.8 MW from Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TEİAŞ), “Türkiye elektrik enerjisi kuruluş ve yakit cinslerine göre kurulu güç,” http://www.teias.gov.tr/yukdagitim/kuruluguc.xls, viewed 28 March 2016; capacity at end-2014 of 23,643 MW from TEİAŞ, Stratejik Plan 2015–2019 (Ankara: 2015), http://www.teias.gov.tr/dosyalar/stratejik_plan2015_2019.pdf. Vietnam: IHA, op. cit. this note. Malaysia: IHA, op. cit. this note.
  6. Table R6 from the following sources: Unless noted otherwise, data for 2014 from IEA PVS, Trends 2015 in Photovoltaic Applications: Survey Report of Selected IEA Countries Between 1992 and 2014 (Paris: 2015), http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/national/IEA-PVPS_-_Trends_2015_-_MedRes.pdf, and from SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2015–2019 (Brussels: 2015); data for 2015 from IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global Photovoltaic Markets 2015 (Paris: April 2016), http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/IEA-PVPS_-__A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV_-_1992-2015_-_Final.pdf, from Gaëtan Masson, Becquerel Institute and IEA PVPS, personal communications with REN21, March–May 2016, and from SolarPower Europe, Solar Market Report & Membership Directory 2016 Edition (Brussels: April 2016), as well as from sources provided below. Note that some countries (e.g., Canada, Japan, Spain) report data officially in alternating current (AC); these data were converted to direct current (DC) for consistency across countries. This report attempts to report all solar PV data in DC units. Additional country sources include: China: China National Energy Board, cited in China Electricity Council, “2015 PV-related statistics,” 6 February 2016, http://www.cec.org.cn/yaowenkuaidi/2016-02-05/148942.html (using Google Translate). United States: GTM Research and SEIA, US Solar Market Insight Report: 2014 Year in Review, Executive Summary (Washington, DC: 2015), pp. 4–5, https://www.greentechmedia.com/research/ussmi; GTM Research and SEIA, US Solar Market Insight: 2015 Year-in-Review, Executive Summary (Washington, DC: March 2016), p. 4. United Kingdom: UK DECC, “Energy Trends: Section 6 – Renewables” (London: March 2016), https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/511939/Renewables.pdf. India: 2014 from Bridge to India, May 2015, provided by Sinead Orlandi, Becquerel Institute, personal communication with REN21, 11 May 2015; 2015 from MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements),” multiple issues, http://mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/, and from Bridge to India, all provided by Shaurya Bajaj, Bridge to India, personal communication with REN21, 13 April 2016. Germany: BMWI, op. cit. note 1, p. 4. See Solar PV section in the Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes for additional statistics and details.
  7. Table R7 from the following sources: CSP Today, op. cit. note 1, viewed on numerous dates leading up to 23 March 2015; NREL, op. cit. note 1, viewed on numerous dates leading up to 23 March 2015; Crespo, op. cit. note 1; REN21, Renewables 2015 Global Status Report (Paris: 2015), pp. 64–65, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf.
  8. Table R8 from the following sources: Cumulative solar thermal capacity in operation nationally and globally at end-2014 from Franz Mauthner, AEE INTEC, Gleisdorf, Austria, personal communications with REN21, April 2016, and from Mauthner, Weiss, and Spörk-Dür, op. cit. note 1; worldwide gross additions for 2015 estimated by Mauthner, op. cit. this note; preview for world 2015 data based on the latest market data from Australia, Austria, Brazil, China, Germany, Israel, Mexico, Turkey and the United States, which represented 87% of cumulated installed capacity in operation in 2014, and other countries were projected accordingly. Gross additions on a national level from the following associations and experts: David Ferrari, School of Engineering at RMIT University, former Sustainability Victoria, Australia; Klaus Mischensky, Austria Solar, Austria; Marcelo Mesquita, the Solar Heating Department of the Brazilian Association of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Ventilation and Heating (DASOL ABRAVA), Brazil; Hongzhi Cheng, Shandong SunVision Management Consulting, China; Denmark from Jan Erik Nielsen, PlanEnergi, Denmark, and Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; Richard Loyen, Enerplan, France; Marco Tepper, BSW Solar, Germany; Costas Travasaros, Greek Solar Industry Association (EBHE), Greece; Jaideep Malaviya, Solar Thermal Federation of India (STFI), India; Eli Shilton, Elsol, Israel; Kumiko Saito, Solar System Development Association (SSDA), Japan; Daniel Garcia, Solar Thermal Manufacturers Organisation (FAMERAC), Mexico; Janusz Staroscik, Association of Manufacturers and Importers of Heating Appliances (SPIUG), Poland; Pascual Polo, Spanish Solar Thermal Association (ASIT), Spain; David Stickelberger, Swissolar, Switzerland; Kutay Ülke, Ezinç Metal, Turkey; Les Nelson, Solar Heating & Cooling Programs, International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO), United States.
  9. Table R9 from the following sources: GWEC, op. cit. note 2; FTI Consulting, Global Wind Market Update—Demand & Supply 2015, Demand-Side Analysis (London: 2016); WWEA, op. cit. note 2; EWEA, op. cit. note 2, p. 4; Additional sources listed where relevant. China: 2014 official data from China National Energy Administration (CNEA), provided by Shi Pengfei, Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA), personal communication with REN21, 15 March 2016; 2015 official data from China National Energy Board, cited in CNEA, “Energy Board: 2015 national wind power industry to continue to maintain strong growth momentum,” 4 February 2016, www.nea.gov.cn/2016-02/04/c_135073627.htm (using Google Translate); unofficial 2014 and 2015 data based on CWEA, provided in GWEC, op. cit. note 2. United States: Based on data from AWEA, “US Wind Industry 2015 Annual Market Update: US Wind Power Capacity and Generation Growth in 2015” (Washington, DC: April 2016), http://awea.files.cms-plus.com/Annual%20Report%20Capacity%20and%20Generation%202015.pdf. Germany: 2014 total from Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-Stat) and Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Zeitreihen zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland (Berlin: February 2016), p. 8, http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/zeitreihen-zur-entwicklung-der-erneuerbaren-energien-in-deutschland-1990-2015.pdf; data for 2015 based on preliminary statistics from BMWi, op. cit. note 1, and from BMWi, Development of Renewable Energy Sources in Germany 2015, Statistical data from AGEE-Stat, as at February 2016, http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/development-of-renewable-energy-sources-in-germany-2015.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=8. Brazil: 2014 year-end total from Associaҫão Brasileira de Energia Eólica (ABEEólica), “Boletim de Dados,” January ٢٠١٦, http://abeeolica.org.br/pdf/Boletim-de-Dados-ABEEolica-Janeiro-٢٠١٦-Publico.pdf, pp. 2, 4. India: Data for 2014 and 2015 based on MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements) up to the month of December 2015,” www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements, viewed 21 January 2015, and on MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements) up to the month of December 2015,” www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements, viewed 1 February 2016. Canada: Data for 2014 and 2015 from Canadian Wind Energy Association, “Wind energy continues rapid growth in Canada in 2015,” press release (Ottawa, ON: 12 January 2016), http://canwea.ca/wind-energy-continues-rapid-growth-in-canada-in-2015/. France: Data for 2014 and 2015 from EWEA, op. cit. note 2, and preliminary data from RTE Réseau de transport d’électricité, 2015 Bilan Électrique (Paris: 2015), p. 3, http://www.rte-france.com/sites/default/files/2015_bilan_electrique.pdf. Italy: EWEA, op. cit. note 2. Note that Italy had 8,703 MW at end-2014, with 423 MW in net additions in 2015 for an end-2015 total of 9,126 MW, based on preliminary data from Gestore Servizi Energetici (GSE), “Energie da fonti rinnovabili in Italia Dati preliminari 2015,” 29 February 2015, http://www.gse.it/it/Statistiche/RapportiStatistici/Pagine/default.aspx. United Kingdom: 2014 and 2015 data based on EWEA, op. cit. note 2, and preliminary data from UK DECC, op. cit. note 1. Spain: Asociación Empresarial Eólica, “The Spanish wind power sector installs zero megawatts in 2015, an unknown situation since the 80s,” press release (Madrid: 26 January 2016), http://www.aeeolica.org/en/new/the-spanish-wind-power-sector-installs-zero-megawatts-in-2015-an-unknown-situation-since-the-80s/. Turkey: 2014 and 2015 data from Turkish Wind Energy Association, Turkish Wind Energy Statistics Report (Ankara: January 2016), pp. 4, 5, http://www.tureb.com.tr/files/bilgi_bankasi/turkiye_res_durumu/turkiye_ruzgar_enerji_istatistik_raporu_ocak_2016.pdf. See Wind Power section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes for further statistics and details.
  10. Table R10 derived from IEA, World Energy Outlook 2015, Energy Access Database, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/energyaccessdatabase, and from submissions from report contributors.
  11. Table R11 derived from IEA, World Energy Outlook 2014, Energy Access Database, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/energyaccessdatabase/, and from submissions from report contributors.
  12. Table R14 from Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre and Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment in 2016 (Frankfurt: March 2016), http://fs-unep-centre.org/publications/global-trends-renewable-energy-investment-2016.
  13. Table R15 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, “Energy from Renewable Sources: Shares“ (Brussels: 2016), http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/shares.
    For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at     www.ren21.net.
  14. Table R16 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.
  15. Table R17 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15. Targets for the EU-28 were set in each country's National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP), available at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans; certain NREAP targets have been revised subsequently. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.
  16. Table R18 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EurObserv’ER. Targets for the EU-28 were set in each country's NREAP, available at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans; certain NREAP targets have been revised subsequently. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.
  17. Table R19 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports.
    For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at     www.ren21.net.
  18. Table R20 from the following sources: All available policy references, including the IEA/IRENA online Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures database, published sources as given in the endnotes for the Policy Landscape chapter of this report, and submissions from report contributors.
  19. Table R21 from Ibid.
  20. Table R22 from Ibid.
  21. Table R23 from the following sources: REN21 database, compiled from all available policy references plus submissions from report contributors; EU targets and shares from EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15. Targets for the EU-28 and Energy Community countries were set in each country’s NREAP. Certain NREAP targets have been revised subsequently. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.
  22. Table R24 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.
  23. Table R25 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15; IRENA; Jim Lane, “Biofuels Mandates Around the World: 2015,” Biofuels Digest, 3 January 2016, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2016/01/03/biofuels-mandates-around-the-world-2016/. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.
  24. Table R26 from the following sources: For selected targets and policies, see: EU Covenant of Mayors; ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability; REN21, Global Futures Report (Paris: 2013); REN21, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies, and ICLEI, 2011 Global Status Report on Local Renewable Energy Policies (Paris: May 2011). For selected examples in urban planning, see: City of Malmö, “Environmental Programme for the City of Malmö 2009-2020” (Malmö, Sweden: 2009), http://malmo.se/download/18.6301369612700a2db9180006227/1383649554552/Environmental-Programme-for-the-City-of-Malmo-2009-2020.pdf; IRENA, Renewable Energy Policy in Cities: Selected Case Studies – Malmö, Sweden (Abu Dhabi: January 2013), https://www.irena.org/Publications/RE_Policy_Cities_CaseStudies/IRENA%20cities%20case%207%20Malmo.pdf; City of Sydney, Decentralised Energy Master Plan Renewable Energy (Sydney: 2013), http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/153282/Renewable-Energy-Master-Plan.pdf.