RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewables in Energy Demand

Market Developments

Markets for renewable energy technologies in buildings have been on the upswing, due largely to favourable economics, supportive government policy and the need to address climate change. The use of on-site and community-generated renewable electricity, as well as markets for renewable heating and cooling technologies (especially heat pumps), grew strongly during 2021 and 2022.

Distributed solar PV supplied electricity to around 25 million households worldwide in 2021. 90 Distributed solar accounted for nearly half of the global solar market that year, its highest share since 2012. 91 (Centralised solar PV generation overtook distributed generation in 2015 and has since accounted for the majority of PV installations worldwide, at 56%, a share that has remained roughly stable. 92 ) Of the estimated 78 GW of distributed solar PV installed in 2021, around 60% was residential and 40% commercial. 93

Europe had the highest regional share of distributed solar PV in 2021, but China, with its overall market lead, was the world's top installer. 94 China also was one of the few top markets to install more distributed solar PV (29 GW) than centralised solar PV (26 GW), joined by Germany (3.75 GW versus 2 GW), Australia (3.2 GW versus 1.7 GW) and Japan (3.6 GW versus 3.0 GW). 95 Countries that installed more utility-scale plants than distributed capacity included the United States (20 GW centralised versus 6.6 GW distributed) and India (11.6 GW versus 2 GW). 96 Rooftop solar also picked up in nascent markets such as Israel and Jordan. 97

Global technology companies have launched several projects to use waste heat from data centres for district heating and other purposes. For example, the waste heat from an Amazon data centre in Dublin (Ireland) is heating local homes and offices; Microsoft launched a similar project in Helsinki (Finland) in early 2022; and an Interxion data centre aims to provide heat to a hospital in Vienna (Austria). 98

Heating for space and water is the largest energy use in buildings and the one most heavily based on fossil fuels. In 2022, markets for many renewable heating and cooling technologies grew in response to the energy crisis.

The use of bioenergy to provide heating services is the largest renewable energy end-use in buildings. Much of this comes from the traditional use of biomass i , which increased from 24.3 EJ in 2019 to 24.5 EJ in 2021. 99 Europe consumes more than three-quarters of the world's biomass pellets, many of them imported from the United States and Canada. 100 Sales of biomass stoves surged in Europe during 2022, notably in Germany, and wood pellets in Europe and the United States faced a supply crunch as more households turned to biomass heat. 101 China also is an emerging market for biomass heat. 102

Solar heat provided around 10.5% of modern renewable heating consumption in 2021. 103 In 2021, the global market for solar collectors grew 3% to reach a cumulative 522 gigawatts-thermal, continuing its rebound from a 2019 low. 104 China's solar heat market, the world's largest, grew modestly during 2021, and strong growth also occurred in Brazil, Greece, India, Italy, Poland and the United States. 105 In Africa, a solar thermal project in Namibia provides water heating to at least 58 social housing residences, and southern African countries such as Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe have published roadmaps on the potential to increase solar thermal uptake. 106 The European solar thermal industry struggled in 2022 due to the aftershocks of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. 107

Solar heat increasingly provides space heating through large-scale installations and district heating networks. In 2021, 44 new large-scale solar heat systems came online – mainly in China and Europe but also in Mexico (3 systems) – and growth continued in 2022 with the start of construction of a solar district heating plant in the Netherlands, among other projects. 108 The use of hybrid solar PV-thermal (PVT) panels grew 13% in 2021, with more than 6,000 systems brought online for a total capacity of 751 megawatts-thermal ( MWth). 109

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Direct use of geothermal heat also provides space and water heating services. Around 39% of geothermal direct use is for space heating. 110 In total, the global installed geothermal heating capacity grew around 9% annually from 2014 to 2019. 111 The world leaders in geothermal direct use for heating and cooling are China, the United States, Sweden, Türkiye and Japan; on a per capita basis, the leaders are Iceland, Sweden, Finland and Norway. 112

During 2022, China launched geothermal heating services covering millions of households in more than 60 cities and counties. 113 In the United States, construction started on New York City's largest district heating and cooling system; work progressed on projects in Massachusetts and Texas; and the Department of Energy announced a USD 13 million fund to develop geothermal district heat. 114 In total, the United States has 23 geothermal district heating systems, with the first installed in 1892. 115 Canada allotted CAD 1.3 million (USD 960,000) to develop geothermal heat projects in Nova Scotia. 116

In Europe, 13 new geothermal district heating and cooling projects were brought online in 2021, providing more than 154 MWth of new capacity. 117 Three-quarters of this growth was in France, Poland and Iceland. 118 During 2022, more than 20 projects were in development, including in these three countries. 119 The first geothermal district heating plant in Vienna (Austria) also was given the green light. 120

Policies that support building electrification continued to boost markets for electric heat technologies, notably electric heat pumps. Heat pump markets set growth records in many countries in 2022, including in the EU and the United States. 121 Year-on-year growth over the first half of the year exceeded 10% in six countries: Italy (up 114%), the Netherlands (100%), Poland (96%), Finland (80%), Germany (25%) and Norway (11%). 122 The US market grew 7.3% in the first half of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. 123

Influenced by the war in Ukraine and by REPowerEU, several heat pump manufacturers announced or made significant investments in production facilities during the year. Viessmann plans to spend EUR 1 billion (USD 1,067 million) over three years; Daikin announced a EUR 1.2 billion (USD 1,281 million) investment in heat pump manufacturing to 2025 in Europe, aiming to triple its manufacturing capacity; and Bosch, Panasonic and many other manufacturers made similar announcements. 124

District heating networks met a rising share of heating demand in buildings in 2022. The use of renewable energy in district heating grew from 0.4 EJ in 2011 to 0.6 EJ in 2021. 125 Overall, the share of renewables in district heating systems grew from 4.1% to an estimated 5.6% during the decade. 126 Most district heating activity is in Europe, although much of this entails converting existing networks to renewable sources (biomass, solar and geothermal heat, and large-scale heat pumps), rather than building new networks. 127 More projects are integrating waste heat into district networks, such as in the Netherlands and Sweden. 128 In a novel example in Finland, ambient heat from the Baltic Sea is fed into a district heat network to heat homes in place of coal and fossil gas. 129

Wood pellets in Europe and the United States faced a supply crunch in 2022 as more households turned to biomass heat.

Markets for cooling technologies are changing quickly. Globally, 1.2 billion people are at risk due to lack of access to cooling, and demand for air conditioning and other cooling services has been the fastest growing energy use in buildings. 130 The average efficiency of cooling appliances has been increasing, helping to mitigate the growth in electricity demand from cooling. 131 However, the most efficient models have not necessarily had the highest uptake. 132 Examples of renewable cooling applications in 2022 included the drilling of the first wells for a geothermal cooling system in India and plans for geothermal cooling in Bali, Indonesia. 133

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Footnotes

i The traditional use of biomass includes the burning of woody biomass or charcoal, as well as dung and other agricultural residues, in simple and inefficient devices to provide energy for residential cooking and heating in developing and emerging economies.

  1. International Energy Agency (IEA), “World Energy Balances 2020: Extended Energy Balances,” August 2022, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-balances, all rights reserved, as modified by the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21).1
  2. Ibid.2
  3. Ibid.3
  4. Ibid.4
  5. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “Decarbonising Buildings in Cities and Regions,” June 2022, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/decarbonising-buildings-in-cities-and-regions_a48ce566-en.5
  6. IEA, op. cit. note 1.6
  7. Ibid. 7
  8. IEA, “Buildings – Analysis,” September 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/buildings.8
  9. Ibid.9
  10. Figure 3 from IEA, op. cit. note 1.10
  11. Ibid.11
  12. Figure 4 from Ibid.12
  13. IEA, op. cit. note 1.13
  14. Ibid.14
  15. Ibid.15
  16. Ibid.16
  17. IEA et al., “Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2022,” 2022, https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/sdg7-report2022-full_report.pdf; L. Cozzi et al., “For the First Time in Decades, the Number of People Without Access to Electricity Is Set to Increase in 2022 – Analysis,” IEA, November 3, 2022, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/for-the-first-time-in-decades-the-number-of-people-without-access-to-electricity-is-set-to-increase-in-2022.17
  18. IEA et al., op. cit. note 17.18
  19. Cozzi et al., op. cit. note 17; Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, “Brazilian Energy Balance – Year 2021,” 2022, https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-675/topico-638/BEN2022.pdf. 19
  20. See Box 2 in “Global Overview” in REN21, “Renewables 2022 Global Status Report,” 2022, www.ren21.net/gsr-2022.20
  21. Figure 5 from IEA, “Heating – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/heating.21
  22. IEA, op. cit. note 1.22
  23. IEA, “Renewables 2022 – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022.23
  24. IEA, op. cit. note 1.24
  25. IEA, op. cit. note 21.25
  26. IEA, “Heat Pumps – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/heat-pumps; IEA, op. cit. note 1.26
  27. IEA, op. cit. note 1. 27
  28. IEA, op. cit. note 1; IEA, op. cit. note 21. 28
  29. IEA, “Energy Efficiency 2022 – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2022.29
  30. IEA, op. cit. note 1; B. Naran, R. Padmanabhi and P. Rosane, “Tracking Incremental Energy Efficiency Investments in Certified Green Buildings,” Climate Policy Initiative, December 16, 2021, https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/incremental-investments-in-energy-efficiency-in-green-buildings.30
  31. Ibid.31
  32. J. Psaropoulos, “Is Ukraine War Speeding Europe's Transition to Renewable Energy?” Al Jazeera, November 6, 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/6/is-ukraine-war-speeding-europes-transition-to-renewable-energy; IEA, “Executive Director Rebuts Three Myths About Today's Global Energy Crisis,” September 7, 2022, https://www.iea.org/news/executive-director-rebuts-three-myths-about-today-s-global-energy-crisis. Snapshot: Europe based on the following sources: Eurostat, “Energy Balance Visualisation Tool,” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy_balances/enbal.html, accessed November 14, 2022; IEA, “A 10-Point Plan to Reduce the European Union's Reliance on Russian Natural Gas – Analysis,” March 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/a-10-point-plan-to-reduce-the-european-unions-reliance-on-russian-natural-gas; G. Zachmann, G. Sgaravatti and B. McWilliams, “European Natural Gas Imports,” Bruegel, https://www.bruegel.org/dataset/european-natural-gas-imports, accessed November 14, 2022; European Commission, “REPowerEU: Joint European Action for More Affordable, Secure and Sustainable Energy,” May 18, 2022, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:fc930f14-d7ae-11ec-a95f-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF; B. Claeys, J. Rosenow and M. Anderson, “Is REPowerEU the Right Energy Policy Recipe to Move Away from Russian Gas?” Euractiv, June 27, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/is-repowereu-the-right-energy-policy-recipe-to-move-away-from-russian-gas; Odyssee-Mure, “EU Heating Energy | Heating Energy Consumption by Energy Source,” https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/efficiency-by-sector/households/heating-energy-consumption-by-energy-sources.html, accessed November 14, 2022; D. Gibb et al., “Turning Off the Gas: Stronger and Coherent EU Policy to Accelerate the Fossil Gas Phaseout,” Regulatory Assistance Project, October 18, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/turning-off-gas-stronger-coherent-eu-policy-accelerate-fossil-gas-phaseout; Buildings Performance Institute of Europe, “EPBD Recast: New Provisions Need Sharpening to Hit Climate Targets,” January 20, 2022, https://www.bpie.eu/publication/epbd-recast-new-provisions-need-sharpening-to-hit-climate-targets.32
  33. Ember, “EU's Record Growth in Wind and Solar Avoids €11bn in Gas Costs During War,” October 18, 2022, https://ember-climate.org/press-releases/eus-record-growth-in-wind-and-solar-avoids-e11bn-in-gas-costs-during-war.33
  34. IEA, op. cit. note 23; BloombergNEF, “Energy Transition Factbook 2022,” September 2022, https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/BloombergNEF-CEM-2022-Factbook.pdf.34
  35. IEA, op. cit. note 23.35
  36. Bnamericas, “Ministry of Energy Launches National Heat and Cold Strategy,” June 24, 2021, https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/ministry-of-energy-launches-national-heat-and-cold-strategy; Government of the UK, “Heat and Buildings Strategy,” October 29, 2021, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/heat-and-buildings-strategy; Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, “National Heat Study,” https://www.seai.ie/data-and-insights/national-heat-study, accessed October 29, 2022.36
  37. N. Kurmayer, “Netherlands to Ban Fossil Heating from 2026, Make Heat Pumps Mandatory,” Euractiv, May 17, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/netherlands-to-ban-fossil-heating-by-2026-make-heat-pumps-mandatory.37
  38. L. Sunderland and D. Gibb, “Taking the Burn Out of Heating for Low-Income Households,” Regulatory Assistance Project, December 1, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/taking-burn-out-of-heating-low-income-households.38
  39. D. Gibb, S. Thomas and J. Rosenow, “Metrics Matter: Efficient Renewable Heating and Cooling in the Renewable Energy Directive,” Regulatory Assistance Project, September 6, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/metrics-matter-efficient-renewable-heating-cooling-renewable-energy-directive.39
  40. European Parliament, “Renewable Energy Directive – Amendments Adopted in Sept 2022,” September 14, 2022, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0317_EN.pdf.40
  41. R. Lowes et al., “A Policy Toolkit for Global Mass Heat Pump Deployment,” Regulatory Assistance Project, November 14,
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  42. Chinese Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, “14th Five-Year' Building Energy Efficiency and Green Building Development Plan,” 2021, www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/fdzdgknr/zfhcxjsbwj/202203/20220311_765109.html.42
  43. IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2022,” October 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022.43
  44. REN21 Policy Database. See Reference Table R1 in the GSR 2023 Data Pack, www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack.44
  45. G. De Clercq, “France Ends Gas Heaters Subsidies, Boosts Heat Pumps in Bid to Cut Russia Reliance,” Reuters, March 16, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-ends-gas-heaters-subsidies-boosts-heat-pumps-bid-cut-russia-reliance-2022-03-16.45
  46. B. Epp, “Fund of EUR ٣ Billion for Decarbonising German District Heating,” Solar Thermal World, August 30, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/fund-of-eur-3-billion-for-decarbonising-german-district-heating.46
  47. Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, “Real Decreto 477/2021, de 29 de junio, por el que se aprueba la concesión directa a las comunidades autónomas y a las ciudades de ceuta y melilla de ayudas para la ejecución de diversos programas de incentivos ligados al autoconsumo y al almacenamiento, con fuentes de energía renovable, así como a la implantación de sistemas térmicos renovables en el sector residencial, en el marco del plan de recuperación, transformación y resiliencia,” 2021, https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/06/29/477; A. Rosell, “More Than EUR 1 Billion of Incentives Available in Spain,” Solar Thermal World, October 12, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/more-than-eur-1-billion-of-incentives-available-in-spain.47
  48. Government of the UK, “Ditching Costly Gas and Oil Is Cheaper Thanks to Heat Pump Scheme,” May 23, 2022, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ditching-costly-gas-and-oil-is-cheaper-thanks-to-heat-pump-scheme.48
  49. E. Hougaard, “Energistyrelsen åbner for ansøgninger til tilskudsordning for etablering af eldrevne varmepumper og solvarmeanlæg til produktion af fjernvarme,” Energistyrelsen, July 12, 2022, https://ens.dk/presse/energistyrelsen-aabner-ansoegninger-til-tilskudsordning-etablering-af-eldrevne-varmepumper-og.49
  50. B. Epp, “EUR ٦٥ Million Provided for Solar District Heating in Kosovo,” Solar Thermal World, July 7, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/eur-65-million-provided-for-solar-district-heating-in-kosovo.50
  51. cking, “What the ‘Inflation Reduction Act of 2022' Means for Solar,” Solar Energy International, August 22, 2022, https://www.solarenergy.org/what-the-inflation-reduction-act-of-2022-means-for-solar.51
  52. United News of India, “UP Targets to Generate 22k MW Solar Energy in Next 5 Yrs,” November 16, 2022, http://www.uniindia.com/~/up-targets-to-generate-22k-mw-solar-energy-in-next-5-yrs/Business Economy/news/2861956.htm.52
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  54. D. Gibb and M. Morawiecka, “Cleaning Up Heat: The Changing Economics for Heat Pumps in Poland,” Regulatory Assistance Project, November 7, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/cleaning-up-heat-the-changing-economics-for-heat-pumps-in-poland.54
  55. Bercy Infos, “MaPrimeRénov': la prime pour la rénovation énergétique,” December 30, 2022, https://www.economie.gouv.fr/particuliers/prime-renovation-energetique.55
  56. Figure 6 from REN21 Policy Database, op. cit. note 44.56
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  60. N. Kurmayer, “Netherlands to Ban Fossil Heating from 2026, Make Heat Pumps Mandatory,” Euractiv, May 17, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/netherlands-to-ban-fossil-heating-by-2026-make-heat-pumps-mandatory.60
  61. Data as of 9 February 2023, from Building Decarbonization Coalition, “Zero Emissions Building Ordinances,” 2022, https://www.buildingdecarb.org/zeb-ordinances.html.61
  62. Ibid.62
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  64. E. Pontecorvo, “California's 2030 Ban on Gas Heaters Opens a New Front in the War on Fossil Fuels,” Grist, September 26, 2022, https://grist.org/buildings/californias-2030-ban-on-gas-heaters-opens-a-new-front-in-the-war-on-fossil-fuels; New York State Public Service Commission, “PSC Breathes New Life into Popular Con Edison Clean Heat Program,” November 8, 2022, https://ar.dps.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2022/10/psc-breathes-new-life-into-popular-con-edison-clean-heat-program.pdf.64
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  96. Ibid.96
  97. Ibid.97
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